Research paper on carnival Essay

Mardi gras skilful the name Mardi gras conjures up images of d firing offken, bead- wearable revelers bounce by and through and through the streets of current siege of Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter c tout ensembleer get st impostureed? Heres a look at the history of Mardi gras passim the ages and across the nations. Her kind-heartedkind states, Historians tell us that the quaint Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras festivitys. (pg. 115)Their mid-February feast k flat as Lupercalia finded the god Lupercus, alternately cognize as the god of profusion and the god of agri cultivation and pastoral shepherds. In either plate, his c entirelyer definitely had Mardi Gras- corresponding qualities, including twenty-four hourss of feasting and drinking. And a little savouring the pleasures of the gen durationl anatomy, probably, too in patternuation, the term circus, genuinely much corresponding with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin sid e centre f ar hygienic to the flesh. Like intimately of the antique Roman and Hellenic festivals, Lupercalia was adopted and altered by the Church as a way of subtly converting the topical anesthetic pagans to Christianity. The amusement park- the deal festivity of Lupercalia thus morphed into a snuff it emit onwards the beginning of the playacten curio. Lent refers to the 40 old age of pertinence and nuance celebrated between Ash Wednesday and easterly sunshine.During Lent, the religiously faithful refrain from a number of indulgences of the flesh, including feeding meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based rejoicing quickly unfolding across the European continent. By chivalric clock, lords were droveing bazaars prior to Lent in honor of the conscription of their t finisher knights. Each theatrical role and country celebrated their own customss, except exclusively were sporting. pic In France, this period of revelry before Lent was especially ra ucous. In fact, the term Mardi gras is a cut expression meaning Fat Tuesday likely referring to the indulgent nature of the pre-Lenten celebration. The name whitethorn give birth been more than just allegorical, however. Ancient pagans lots pronounced their fertility ritual by parading a fattened ox through the town before sacrificing it. (lent pg. 101) It was in addition the cut who brought the celebration to America. M any(prenominal) historians believe the break stacky crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1699, on the ship of a French explorer named Sieur dIberville.The Frenchman landed in what is today Louisiana, just south of New Orleans, the heart of Americas modern-day Mardi Gras celebrations. In fact, his landing is believed to micturate coincided with the French celebration of Mardi gras, explaining his choice of name for his imply of entry Point du Mardi Gras. However, dis upchucke the dIberville come toion, cont stamp outing that it was the primordial French settle rs to Louisiana who stash awayd Mardi gras to America. disregardless(prenominal) of the precise origin, Mardi gras dressing cl betimes be attri merelyed to a Franco-influence. By the mid 1820s, Mardi gras was hard rooted in the New Orleans coating. Lent later states that Today, the citys celebrations atomic number 18 considered bingle of Americas biggest break awayies, with towns and cities end-to-end the Gulf Coast constituent getting in on the fun. (112) Zulu (krewe of Mardi gras) differentwise(a) in 1909, a company of laborers who had organise a club named The Tramps, went to the Pythian Theater to construe a medical specialtyal comedy per cleared by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit en styled, There Never Was and Never go forth Be a King like Me, near the Zulu Tribe. (herman pg. 201) The earliest signs of organic law came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a charitable care Society. impolitehearted Societies were the prime(p renominal) tunes of redress in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received pecuniary help when sick or pecuniary aid when burying deceased members. Conversations and interviews with aged(a) members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into h seniles and separately ward had its own radical or Club. The Tramps were matchless such(prenominal) group. later curbing the skit, they retired to their collision appear (a room in the hind end of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. (pg 210).According to herman, This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and otherwise ward-based groups. era the grouping marched in Mardi gras as early as 1901, their firstly appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King. The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in face up of and behind King Story. His costume of en wide-ranging wad crown and banana fore scepter has been well documented. The Kings following William Story, (William Crawford 1910, hawkshaw Williams 1912, and Henry Harris 1914), were similarly attired. (pg. 214). 1915 heralded the first use of touts, constructed on a efflux w agon, utilize dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That menial beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu sight today. On kinsfolk 20, 1916, in the nonorial office of Gabriel Fernandez, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club were incorporated. Twenty-two of the organizations officers and members signed the first semiofficial document.The Geddes and Moss Funeral Home, located on Washington alley, compete an integral cave in in Zulus beginning, and gestate continued to do so throughout the eld. The first official salute of King Zulu and his Queen is held at this physical composition each family. Zulus were non wit hout their contr all all oversies, either. In the 1960s during the height of Black awareness, it was un general to be a Zulu. Dressing in a grass skirt and donning a bare face were seen as world demeaning. medium-large numbers of black organizations protested against the Zulu organization, and its membership dwindled to nearly 16 men. James Russell, a long-time member, served as president in this period, and is credited with safekeeping the organization together and slowly convey Zulu back to the forefront. (pg. 220) In 1968, Zulus passage took them on two major streets namely, St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, for the first time in the modern era to see the Zulu a that, you had to turn the so-called back streets of the Black neighborhoods.The requisition laws of this period contri buted to this, and Zulu tradition also contend a part. In those days, neighborhood interdict sponsored certain floats and, consequently, the floats were obligated to pass those bars. fuga cious meant stopping, as the bars advertised that the Zulus volition stop here Once halt at a sponsoring bar, it was often ticklish to get the riders out of the establishment, so the other floats took off in different directions to action their obligations. Zulu has surfacen tremendously over the years. This invariable growth is credited to the members for their love, loyalty and consignment to this organization. In 1978, the organization opened its doors to their current home, a two-story frame building houses a lounge pour downstairs for members and guests to enjoy themselves. Of all the throws to rain down from the umpteen floats in the parades during pleasure ground, the Zulu coconut tree or Golden Nugget is the well-nigh sought later on.The earliest type to the coconut appears to be about 1910 when the coconuts were given from the floats in their natural hairy state. Some years later there is a reference to Lloyd Lucus, the sign painter, scraping and painting th e coconuts. This was the antecedent to the bewitchingly decorated coconuts we see today. (pg. 229) With the pro breedingration of lawsuits from bulk alleging injury from thrown coconuts, the organization was uneffective to get insurance coverage in 1987. So that year, the honored tradition was suspended. aft(prenominal) much lobbying, the Louisiana Legislature passed SB188, aptly dubbed the Coconut Bill, which excluded the coconut from liability for alleged(a) injuries arising from the coconuts handed from the floats. On July 8, 1988, hence-governor Edwards signed the circuit card into law. (pg. 233) funfair in the CaribbeanHundreds of years ago followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a loco costume festival right before Lent. Because Catholics are not supposed to eat meat during Lent, they called their festival, carnevale-which means to put out-of-door meat. (internet site caribbean carnival)As time passed, carnivals in Italy became qu ite famous. The practice spread to France, Spain and Portugal. As these Catholic countries began to take control of the Americas and other parts of the world, they brought with them their tradition of celebrating fair. In many a(prenominal) parts of the world, where Catholic Europeans set up colonies and entered into slave trade, carnival took root. Today funfair celebrations are found throughout the Caribbean. Traditions of the civilisations have come together and especially African jump and medical specialty traditions transformed the early European carnival traditions in the Americas. authorised to the Caribbean festival arts are the ancient African traditions of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and masks. These traditions were believed to bring good fortune, to recover problems and chill out angry spirits. Caribbean carnival traditions also borrow from the African culture the tradition of creating pieces of sculpture, masks and costumes. For the Caribbean mickle carnival became an of the essence(predicate) way to express their fat ethnical traditions. It takes many months of coming up with a physical composition or overall idea and developing costumes for the boundrs. Lots of creativity, energy and constancy is put into piece of work such as welding, painting, sewing, gluing, applying feathers, sequins and glitter. pleasure ground groups, entertained by music orchestras, parade and dance wearing costumes enactment a common theme.When pleasure ground first began it was celebrated from December 26 until Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday). Nowadays bazaar festivities and activities are being held year-round in the Caribbean. The dates on which fair celebrations such as music rivalrys, festivals, concerts, street jump-ups, bag pageants, balls, parades etc. take aim may vary from country to country, from island to island. For days, whatevertimes weeks, the raft of the Caribbean express themselves socia lly and artistically and manifest joy with visitors from all over the world. (internet sit Caribbean carnival)Every atomic number 53, including the spectators, is part of the celebrations.Antigua and BermudaThe festivities reveal the many influences that formed the Antiguan society, cultural, social and political. all over the years cultural elements from countries like Venezuela, Brazil, Holland, Colombia and the join States have slipped into the Antiguan community and unify with and into the anomalous world famous carnival celebration with its typical characteristics of creativity and rhythm, dance happiness, Flamboyant costumes, Beauty pageants, Talent repoints, and colossal music. either these and more define a fantastic celebration of happiness that is the Antigua pleasure ground. In retrospect, the Antigua carnival dates back in noble 1 of 1834 when slavery was entirely abolished. In 1666, it was ravaged by French inhabitants but was briefly conquered by the Britis h and was officially restored to them by the Treaty of Breda. It all started when the local natives immediately went to the streets to express their joyful celebration of freedom.As the years passed by, it continued not until in 1957 where it was declared an official Antigua circus. (oduber pg. 97) Since thus, the Antigua Carnival has developed into ten days jam-packed with revelry in a glitzy flair of dance to the m of the Calypso. It includes marches, jump-ups and shows which ever took set some the last week of July up to the first week of August. The Antigua Carnival is undeniably the best time for tourists to immerse with the culture of this Caribbean island. If you head to the city, you are fortunate to stunner the junk Ban, a steel orchestra, practicing for the consequence.(oduber pg. 99) They go by troupes as they set up a Mas Camp, a base where their tangled wardrobes are made. It is also the starting crest as they walk to the metropolis to open the Antigua Carn ival. The lively even sot culminates by a massive road party called Jouvert, which means day break. Everybody is literally on their feet as they sway to the beat of the drums from the young night until the middle morning.Barbados ( rank over)Masquerading was an old African tradition, where they paraded in masks and costumes through the villages to bring good luck and to remove sin spirits. Originally materials for costumes were natural things such as grass, beads, bones, etc. Head-pieces and Masks were made of feathers to symbolic re benefactionationize that people can spiritually rise higher up anything. Most European colonies within the Caribbean who were part of the slave trade have Carnival or Carnival-like celebrations. (praiser pg. 23)Now in large countries like USA, Canada and England, where they are Caribbean communities you result find Carnival celebrations.The History of array everywhereThe end of the sugar cane pull together, or groom over as it is al most(prenom inal) everlastingly referred to, has long been the occasion for celebration. In what seems to be the earliest reference to the plume Over festival, we find the manager of Newton grove writing in 1788 to the estates owner in England, telling him that he had held a dinner and sober dance for the slaves, saying twas a celebration of harvest-tide Time after the crop. (housman pg. 304) Many aspects of woodlet deportment in Barbados carried on unaltered after the end of slavery, and the harvest-tide Over festival likewise continued. Never the less there must have been an all-authoritative(prenominal) difference in the way in which the festival was perceived. in the beginning emancipation, the planter had no choice but to support his slaves, well or badly as the case might have been, all year round. After 1838, for most people Crop Over meant not just the end of a period of hard work, but also the beginning of a period of less work and lower wages. For many the interval between two crops would and then have been hard times, and the symbol of these, perhaps not invented until after Emancipation, was the opine of a man stuffed with trash (the dry out leaves of the sugar cane plant) which was known as Mr. Harding. (pg. 311) Mr. Harding was formally introduced to the manager of the woodlet, and, fit in to some accounts, later burnt as part of the celebrations which must have had a touching of desperation to them as people strove to enjoy themselves while they could.The festival was apparently plum common at the beginning of the present century, by which time the name Crop Over seems to have ousted that of Harvest Time. A attendion of drag ins would bring the last canes to the plantation yard, the draught animals being decorated with flamboyant, frangipanni and other flowers, whilst brightly colourful kerchiefs would be tied like flags to the canes. The laborers would parade around the yard, and it was at this point that that they would introduce Mr. Hard ing to the manager, after which they would adjourn for a dance, for the manager or the owner of the estate would normally institute some salt meat and rum. veritable(a) by 1940 Crop Over was being described as a custom which has very nearly died out, according to Housman (pg. 316), and the continuing decline of sugar and the festering availability of other sources of employment had put an end to much of traditional plantation life. The modern Crop Over, bring to by the Board of Tourism in 1974 and now administered by the National Cultural Foundation, pays allowance to the fact that sugar is sleek over primary(prenominal) in Barbados and the immense influence which it has had on our history. The present day festival is very different from the old time Crop Over, but it continues as a tradition by offering a electrifying celebration of many aspects of Bajan Culture, old and new. proceeds-OVER bazaarCrop-over has become the centerpiece of Barbados culture, a process enriched by much history, a excavate visitor promotional sense, and the great close pre-Lenten Carnival of Trinidad & Tobago. trip the light fantastic-line from April 22 whitethorn 01 begins with the longest Conga line in the Caribbean and features a series of concerts at the Malibu Conga line Village. whitethorn 1 is the finale, where ties, floats and Carnival goers take part in the may Day Parade, The Caribbeans largest summer Carnival begins on the first Saturday with the Decorated cart and float opening and Gala crop-over opening. (praiser pg.31) This parade begins at Bridgetown Independence hearty in the early afternoon and finishes at the National roll. Here, the opening ceremony takes stake with the ceremonial delivery of the last canes and the crown of the king and queen of the festival followed by an excellent night of entertainment and socializing. The festival, revived in 1974 following a 30-year hiatus, continues to grow and evolve with the culture. Unlike most Carnival s whose grow are in spring, Crop-over is a harvest festival dating back centuries to the end of the sugar cane season.The end to all the grueling and arduous work was marked by the final delivery of canes to the mill. sure as shooting a cause for song, dance and command jubilation, as such, the workers would begin the festivities by boisterously telling each other CROP OVER. Folk Concerts celebrating the emancipation from slavery are popular events during the Carnival season the last Carnival weekend features the most important Carnival events. On Friday, there will be the Pic-O-De-Crop Finals at the National Stadium. The succeeding(a) night in the wee hours of Sunday morn, the Fore-Day morning jump-up will go down from 2am till dawn. Before this special event is the steelpan competition. Cohobblopot is a huge carnival-like show where the most popular calypsonians and bands perform on Carnival Sunday night. The Calypso challenger is one of the worlds best even though it feature s primarily local talent.Before the best singer/songwriters of the season are chosen, the talent will perform their new compositions at many venues or tents. These tents, with name like Super Gladiators, Conquerors, House of Soca, Pioneers and travel Cats, play an important role in deciding who will win the title of Party milkweed butterfly, Road March Monarch and the Pic-O-De-Crop Monarch. The King and Queen of the bands competition is also an important part of the Cohobblopot Sunday show. brace tickets in advance since the National Stadium can sell out, specially with all the talk about not allowing it to be broadcast on free TV. (pg. 37) All this buildup makes for a memorable magisterial Finale, or as they say at Barbados Crop-over, the Grand Kadooment. Here, over two dozen large costumed bands will go dancing down de road inviting everyone to jump up with them as they make their way to the sea surf. (pg. 42) TukIndigenous to Barbados, its a combination of African and Bri tish military rhythms with the musicians habilimented in minstrel like costumes creating music from kettledrums, bass drums and whistles. They play sounds like border district band music, old-time waltzes and almost always end with an African beat. According to praier, This is a great spectacle to see. ( pg. 51) The musicians are as austere about their music as any steelband man. Although a part of the old era, it is still very alive and a part of the modern day celebrations with completions staged during Crop Over.Calypso & SocaAlthough calypso is endemical to Trinidad, it now holds a very enceinte place in the Crop over Celebration. Like Trinidad Carnival, it has all the trimmings, the Tents, parties, semi-finals judging and then to the Calypso Monarch finals, which take place just before Grand Kadooment. The Bajan artistes are holding their own with this art form and have even created new forms like Ringband and Ragga-soca, a definite invention of the Bajan calypsonians. ( pg. 55)SteelbandBorrowed from Trinidad, the Bajans have taken it, and now the popularity and growth of the steelband in Barbados is phenomenal, states praiser. (pg. 68) with every year seeing the proceeds of the sound and quality of the music to the accomplishment that steelband has now taken a place on the curriculum of many of the schools on the island.Grand KadoomentThe grand finale, a parade of the costumed bands for the final competition for author of the Year Crown. The revelers are dressed in elaborate costumes depicting assorted themes dancing to music playing from the most popular bandstands, with disc jockeys winding their way down to Spring Garden where they would be judged for this begrudge crown. (pg. 73) St. Vincent and the Grenadines (vincy mas)HistoryHugh Ragguette, a name that is synonymous with Carnival in St. Vincent explained to The Vincentian that the past root of Carnival lie in fat antiquity since at the dawn of history, man celebrated several festivals of which Carnival was one. The Kalinagos and other indigenous peoples who inhabited St. Vincent had their festivals. With the introduction of slavery, the Africans with their varying cultures and rich variety added to those expressions. Although the practice of wearing mas came from Africa and was subsequently adopted by the Greek and Romans, it was actually the French who celebrated carnival in the Caribbean as the highlight of the year. After the British supplanted the French, the practice continued. The wearing of Mas in carnival was introduced by the Pope in Rome in 1494 and then spread throughout Europe. (Sutty pg. 37) Naturally, the slaves participated in these festivals at a different level. The slaves would have noted and participated in the festival, albeit at a different level.Naturally, they were not invited to the mas balls and dances. stated however, when chattel slavery ended, the freed slaves embraced carnival and turned it into a callaloo pot, adding elements of the respective(prenominal) cultures.(pg 38) They took to the streets and dis compete the theatrical spectacle they had created and to vent their subdued imaginative abilities. These street marches took place on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. Unable to cosmic string the hands and feet of the slaves any longer, in 1892, he related, the colonial Governor banned the festival claiming that the revellers were lashing out at each other and observers with whips. Ragguette held some other opinion, The principal(prenominal) solid ground was to suppress the peoples culture and their peculiar African expressions. The coloniser could not infrastand these expressions and wanted to stifle them. The harass that burnt within slavery was cut down to mere embers and in 1879, fuelled by the unchainable African spirit it leapt into flames again. In 1899, the people stubborn that come what may, ban or no ban, which they were going to celebrate.They began the celebrations as early as t he Friday preceding Ash Wednesday. As a result, the colonisers brought out what was termed the armed might of the pudding stone. (pg 44) The people resisted and a riot stony-broke out, writing the Carnival Riots of the 11th and twelfth February into this countrys history books. From then on, Carnival has been a part of St.Vincents culture. Four years later, carnival fever spread to Trinidad in the south where the festival had been banned resulting in the Comboule Riots. throughout the years people have built on and experimented with the components of Carnival to the extent Trinidadians have invented a musical instrument in the form of the steel pan to provide attendant music to its calypso. ( pg. 47).By 1973, it was virtually hopeless to hold all the Carnival shows during the Wednesday and Tuesday period. Our pan, our calypso, and tokenly our Mas has reached a level of development that it essential to spread its wings outside the Catholic Christian Carnival to a more embracin g festival, Ragguette commented. (pg. 49) Since the festival was held so soon after Christmas and the length of time procurable for shows coupled with the fact the Trinidad and Tobago, whom Ragguette stated had run away with title of king of Carnival in the world and boasted of having the great show on earth, held its Carnival around the akin time, it was necessary to move the festival to another season.The June-July period was decided as most suitable. (pg. 50) With more time to work, the CDC wanted to introduce a Caribbean component into its programme. Antigua and Barbuda already had a Caribbean Calypso Competition and the organisation could not get beyond the logistics of a Caribbean Pan or King and Queen of the Bands competition. sutty explained that it was mat that a show should be nonionic to showcase the bag and profound intelligence activity of our Caribbean women. (pg. 53). This resulted in the birth of Miss Caribbean Carnival Miss Carnival.TrinidadCarnivals head te acher components are calypso, steelpan and playing mas (masquerade). In the historic capital City of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, these elements are harmoniously structured to form a v day ritual pageant beginning with the King & Queen Contest (Friday), Panorama (Saturday), Dimanche Gras (Sunday), JOuvert (Monday) and the Parade of the Bands (Tuesday). ( parking lot pg 57) These main events and countless others build to an unforgettable epiphany of beauty and stunning display of the irrepressible human spirit before concluding and allowing the muffled first day of Lent and check known as Ash Wednesday to be admitted to consciousness. picThe genesis of this worlds greatest Carnival has been attributed to the many cultures of Trinidad and their interaction. magical spell the African influence is predominant, the Carnival carries an overriding theme of unity, a central part of this unique cultures mythology. Trinidads namesake, the holy Trinity is blessed as the merge principle. Th is is the countrys well known motto, resting at the base of the ubiquitous and tangency T&T show up of Arms reads, Together we Aspire, Together we achieve. (pg 59).Yet the wisdom lies in paradox for there is no Carnival with more intense competition than Trinidads. picToday Trinidads model for public celebration is the most widely resultd festival art form in the world. Many Trinidadian Carnival artists are able to work year round performing throughout North America, Europe, and the Caribbean.Jouvert carrier bag Jab The name of this mas is derived from the French patois for Diable Diable. It is fairly devil mas. The costume consists of a Kandal or satin knickers, and satin shirt with points of stuff at the waist, from which bells hang. On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and reverberates. Stockings and alpagatas are feeble on the feet, while the headdress consists of a hood with stuffed cloth horns. The costume can c ome in alternating colourize and be divided into front and back panels. (pg 61) The Jab Jab has a recondite whip of plaited hemp which he swings and cracks threateningly. These whips can reduce the costumes of other Jab Jabs to threads. It is not to be confused with Jab Molassie. comprehend MOLASSIE Jab is the French patois for Diable (Devil), and Molassie is the French patois for Mlasse (Molasses). (pg 62)The Jab Molassie is one of several varieties of devil mas played in Trinidad and Tobago carnival.The costume consists of short pants or pants cut off at the knee, and a mask and horns. The jab malassie would buy in chains, and wear locks and keys around his waist, and carry a pitch fork. He may cytologic smear his body with grease, tar, mud or colored dyes (red, green or blue). The jab molassie wines or gyrates to a rhythmic beat that is played on tins or pans by his imps. While some of his imps supply the music, others hold his chain, ostensibly restraining him as he pulls against them in his ferocious dance. The differences among the various forms of devil mas were once distinct, but have become blurred over time.Trinidads carnival is a beautiful paradigm of how carnival can connect the entire world. In this Trinidad little nation, the modus vivendi and customs of various cultures come conjointly for a short five days every year, the entire country lolly thinking about their dissimilarities to celebrate life Similar to many other countries under colonial rule, the history of Native Americans and African people in Trinidad is atrocious and a sad story. At different times England and Spain both maintained Trinidad as their colonies. slightly 1785, Carnival was introduced to Trinidad. The French settlers started to arrive. The custom caught on chop-chop, and fancy balls were held where the rich planters pretend masks, and beautiful dresses, wigs, and dance the whole night.The employ of masks had particular meaning for the slaves, as for several Af rican peoples, masking is usually used in their rituals for the dead. Evidently banned from the cloak balls of the French, the slaves would storage area their own tiny carnivals in their gardens using their folklore and own rituals. However they also imitate their masters manners at the masked balls. Carnival has turned out to be a way to convey their permission as individuals for African people, and also for their rich cultural traditions. (pg. 102) The slavery was eradicated after 1838, the Africans were freed and started to host their individual carnival celebrations in Trinidad streets.This carnival developed progressively and sophisticated and rapidly became trendier than the balls. Nowadays, Trinidad carnival is like a mirror that reflects the faces the many immigrant nations from Africa, India, China and Europe. Carnival is such a significant aspect of life in Trinidad, as many schools sureness that funding/ sponsoring a carnival band is a way to train youngsters about t heir culture and roots. According to green, Hundreds of schools and community organizations gift in Trinidads Kiddies Carnival. In this fashion, communities working as one to build up strong friendships and good respect for the various cultures that make up Trinidad. (pg. 59)BibliographyCaribbean carnival Caribseek.comhttp//www.caribseek.com/adventure_and_entertainment/carnivals/caribbean-carnival.shtml.Carnival in Trinidad. Mustard.org.early 1985 carnival in Trinidad ontogenesis and symbolic menaing.21 February 2008 http//www.mustard.org.uk/articles/trinidad.htm.Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso Traditions in the Making. 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