'History of the Middle East\r'

'CW43: The mall eastern United States and Arab-Israeli encroach, c1900â€2001 Judaic settlement in promised earthly concern, 1900â€45 encounter |Causes of ap tipment | prepare and figure out of other(a) actors and | changing Arab-Israeli relation channelises |Proposed solutions | | | | cosmos(prenominal) events | | | | initiation state of fight One |Misperceptions |Actors: poove Empire |Jewish settlements |Paris calmness meeting | |Britain and Arabs ally against the Ottoman|Una contende of the details of the Sykes-Picot |Until 1917, retention of Arab customs in |Lovers of Zion; Rishon-le-Zion; much than 40 |Arabs should waste the right to national | |Empire; expectation from the Arabs that | understanding and the Balfour resolve; Britain’s| promised land |Zionist settlements in heaven by 1914; Jewish|self-determination; charter for a major position| |they would go about nirvana in return; |support for both(prenominal) them and Zionism | | existen ce doub take betwixt |to sustain them run their impertinently country; | |Hussein-McMahon letters | |Actors: Britain |1922â€29 |Britain received the ascendence to look after| | |Arab disagreement with various proposals: |Balfour proclamation; given a decree over | | promised land, in addition confirmed that the terms | |Political conflict |verdict of Paris quiescence Conference |Palestine by the Paris Peace Conference; helped |Reasons for migration |of the Balfour Declaration should afford to| |Emir Feisal becomes king of an Arab tell |Decision to acknowledge the Balfour Declaration in |the Jews mannikin up their host lines such as |Influence of Rothschild; Herzl and the Zionist |the saucy country | |consisting of Palestine, Lebanon, |the way n which Palestine was to be governed; |the Hagannah and the Irgun Zvai Leumi |Congress in 1897; Jewish National stemma | | |Transjordan and Syria; publicly opposes |Peel Report †proposed a Jewish stir and an | | |Peel Report | |Zionist migration; Arab parties touch base to |Arab state |Actors: big tutorinessman-Crane Commission | state of wartime immigration |Palestine should be divided into a Jewish | |form the Arab high Committee; Ben | |Concluded that the case for a Zionist presence |Jews smuggled in by move: the Struma |state and an Arab state; Britain to keep | |Gurion’s conference at the Biltmore Hotel |Rate of settlement |should be dropped; findings ignored by Paris | | bidding of the plain around Jerusalem | |calls for the immediate knowledgeableness of a |Herbert Samuel’s puzzle out; Jewish population |Peace Conference | | | |Jewish state in Palestine |threefold surrounded by 1922â€29 | | |1939 blanched newspaper publisher | | | |Actors: France | |Jewish immigration to be limited to 75,000| | civilized disobedience |Extreme Zionism | pansy Feisal started attacking the cut; french| |over the next five geezerhood; no more | |1936 general strike |Vladimir Jab otinsky, materialization near the |removed him from Syria and Lebanon | |immigration with come out of the closet Arab consent | | |Mosque of the dome of the Rock in Jerusalem | | | | |Arab-Israeli wrath | |Actors:Herbert Samuel | |1942 Biltmore curriculum | |Protest against Samuel’s decision; 1929 |Jewish dissatisfaction |British Jew, High Commissioner of Palestine; | |Calls for the immediate public of a | |massacre; Irgun planted bombs and shot |Anger at the 1939 White Paper in light of the |16,500 Jews to be allowed to settle in Palestine| |Jewish state in Palestine | |Arabs in response to the White Paper |Nazi threat |in 1920 | | | | | | | | | |Arab-British hysteria | |Events: First World War; Paris Peace Conference | | | |1937â€39 rebellion | | | | | | | | | | | |Jewish-British violence | | | | | |Lehi, Abraham Stern, headmaster Moyne, Irgun | | | | | |violence | | | | | | | | | | |World War Two | | | | | |30,000 Jews in Palestine joined the | | | | | |Britis h troops | | | | | The creation of the state of Israel and its im accordance Conflict |Causes of conflict |Presence and lick of other actors and |Changing Arab-Israeli relationships |Proposed solutions | | | |international events | | | |Irgun and Lehi |British immigration limits | professorship Truman |Propaganda †Ben Gurion and the Jewish Agency |UN voted in November 1947 to partition | |From 1946, the Irgun and the Lehi began a |Despite hot seat Truman’s declaration that |Demanded that 100,000 Jews be allowed into |continued to try to smuggle Jews into Palestine |Palestine six months from that date; | | big campaign of violence against |100,000 Jews should be allowed into Palestine, |Palestine at once | |Jerusalem should be an international regulate | |the British, including the blowing up of |the British fixed the limit at 1500 a month. | |Political change |under UN statement; Jewish and Arab states | |the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, |This was the last husk for the Lehi and the |United Nations |On 15 May 1948, the British mandate ended and |should be linked in an economic union to | |headquarters of the British governing body in |Irgun; Exodus Asked to take okay the mandate from Britain and |the Arab and Jewish states came into being; the |help each other’s trade | |Palestine, which killed 91 people | | make up the future of the country; UN Special |Jews named their state Israel and make a | | | |UNSCOP Plan |Committee on Palestine; truce arranged on |government led by David Ben Gurion | | |Death toll |Jewish state would be larger than the Arab |11 June 1948 which allowed the Israelis to | | | |212 killings in Palestine |state; vote for partition was followed by | agitate their army and transport the Czech | make of the violence | | | |violent Arab protests which concisely turned into | appliances they had bought earlier in the year from|Nearly a zillion Palestinians founder or were | | |Civil War |killings and counter-k illings between Jews and |atomic number 63; second truce lasted until October 15 | coerce to get around their homes; most went to Jordan| | |Operation Dalet, Deir Yassin capture of |Arabs | |and the Gaza Strip, more went to Syria and | | |Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa; Hagganah | |Arab confederation |Lebanon; Arab state of Palestine ceased to | | |occupied most of the Arab areas of westerly |Purchasing of arms |Palestine turned to it for help; however, it had|exist; Palestinians became a minority people in | | |Jerusalem |Hagannah leaders went to Skoda arms firm in |only been created recently and its members were |the new state of Israel | | | |Czechoslovakia and bought a huge quantity of |divided on many issues | | |War of Liberation |armaments | |Reasons for Palestinian migration | | |The civil war of 1948 was about to turn | | |Massacre at Deir Yassin, Israeli military | | |into an international war, the first of a |Arab alliance assistance | |victory; Arab leaders encouraged th em to leave | | |series of Arab-Israeli conflicts that has |Arab League in December 1947 state partition | |during the conflict | | |rocked the snapper eastmost since 1948.On 15 |illegal and gave the Palestinians 10,000 rifles;| | | | |May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, |early in 1948 it form an Arab Liberation Army | | | | |Transjordan, Iraq and Syria entered |of 3000 volunteers to maintain in partition | | | | |Palestine with the aim of helping the | | | | | |Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state |Formation of Ben Gurion government | | | | |of Israel which had been created that mean solar daytime;|Five neighbouring Arab countries sent armies to | | | | |Arab Legion of Transjordan had taken bottom |make war on Israel | | | |control of the former(a) City of Jerusalem; | | | | | |Israelis seized western Galilee; drove the| | | | | |Lebanese back north; Israel was left in | | | | | |control of 80% of the land | | | | | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflict s to 1973 War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | | translation: |Description: |Description: |Description: | |On 15 May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, |Lasted for 10 old age; invasion began on |5 June 1967; Israeli initial air strike (bombed Egyptian |6 October; the mean solar day of Atonement; Arab initial success: | |Iraq and Syria entered Palestine with the aim of helping |29 October; advanced deep into Sinai; social occasion of |airfields and launched similar attacks against the other |smashed Israel’s Suez communication channel defences; 80,000 Egyptians | |the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state of Israel |Britain and France; Egypt refused to evacuate Suez Canal |Arab air forces); land war (drove Egyptians out of the | get over the canal; destroyed Israeli tanks; Syria | |which had been created that day |zone and were bombed by the British and French; UN voted |Gaza despoil and Sinai; defeated Jordan indoors two days, |advance d into the Golan senior high school and drove the Israelis | | for a ceasefire; Arab countries bridleped supplying Britain|capturing the honest-to-goodness City of Jerusalem and the ‘ westernmost Bank’; |back into Galilee; Israel fought back: US weapons sent to| |Causes: |with oil; ground forces refused to support the invasion; Eden |attacked the Syrian army in the Golan Heights and this |Israel; 254,000 reservists mobilised; 14 October tank | | foundation of Ben Gurion government; unhappiness with |forced to agree to a ceasefire just 24 hours after the |was over by June 10); United Nations ordered a ceasefire |battle against the Egyptians; Israel crossed into the | |the UN Partition Plan; British mandate expiring; both |first British troops had landed in Egypt; UN Emergency |which the Arab nations had to accept |Suez Canal; international pinch †USSR wanted it ended| |sides rearmed |Force moved in to police the border between Egypt and | |(feared that the Egy ptians would lose); regular army wanted it | | |Israel |Causes: |ended (did not want to provoke the Soviets into good-looking | |Effects: | |- Syria became violently anti-Israel (General Jedid’s |even more weapons to Egypt and Syria); joint ceasefire | |- Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed armistices |Causes: |takeover, attacks by Fatah guerrillas from Syria |proposed came into force on 22 October | |with Israel but no quiescence treaty; many Arabs have refused|- Nasser wanted to vindicate Egypt’s defeat in the 1948 war| change magnitude) | | |to get l guardianship Israel and have talked about destroying it;|against Israel and to return Palestine to the Arabs; |- debark dispute †Israeli tractor ploughed up or so |Causes: | |many Jews arrived in Israel from existing refugee camps |increase wealth and armed strength; his reputation in |Arab- owned land close to the border and met Syrian fire. |- Sadat replaced Nasser in 1970 and he wanted to reverse| |a nd communities from easterlyern Europe |the Arab cosmea increased; he aimed to unite the Arabs |Israel responded by bombardment Syrian guns.Israel warned |the Arab defeat of 1967 | |- Israel’s first law in 1950 was the Law of Return; |under Egyptian leadership |that it would strike back if Syria did not stop |- Egypt was more ready †asked the USSR for assistance; | |anti-Jewish riots; in Iraq, Zionism was punishable by |- 1955 arms agreement with Czechoslovakia gave Egypt |- USSR hinderance (incorrectly argued that Israel was |plans were make for an invasion of Sinai across the Suez| |death; Arab protest at Israeli diversion of the waters |many Soviet weapons |ready to invade Syria at short notice); King Feisal of |Canal; Syria would also attack from the Golan Heights | |of River Jordan |- declare for Algerian rebels wild France †supported|Saudi Arabia and King Hussein of Jordan promised to help| | |- Need for $65 million of international aid to cope with|A rab rebels who were fighting the French in their colony|Syria |Effects: | |new human-centred needs; change of leadership in Arab |of Algeria |- Nasser ordered UN Emergency Force to leave Egyptian |- Israeli victory: 12,000 Arabs had been killed compared| |governments: blackwash of Egyptian prime parson in|- Nationalisation of Aswan Dam angered Britain †it had | grease; UN was ordered to postulate; barred the Gulf |to 2000 Israelis | |1948; a series of military takeovers in 1949; in 1950: |been owned largely by British and French shareholders; |of Aqaba to Israeli ships; military pacts (Jordan and |- Oil as a weapon: OAPEC increased the price of Arab oil| |assassination of Lebanese prime minister; murder of |Nasser did this after Britain and the USA cancelled the|Egypt formed a defence pact; eight Arab states were |until Israel withdrew from Egypt and Syria | |King Abdullah of Jordan; coup in Egypt which gave |loans they had promised | poised to attack); Moshe Dayan (ap pe riod of timeed Minister of |- USA tried to appease the Arabs | |Colonel Nasser force out; Arab leaders blamed their defeat |- Increase of Fedayeen ttacks angered Israel †|Defence) decided to use attack as a form of defence |- Britain stopped supplying Israel with weapons | |on Britain and the USA and concentrated on improving | duration of cross-border attacks; closing of the | |- EEC expressed sympathy for the Palestinians | |their economies | transfix of the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships | |- Kissinger’s proposal: insularity of | | | | |Israeli and Egyptian forces should happen in 1974; they | | | | |should leave off to pre-ceasefire positions; UN army | | | | |should control the gap between them; Israel should | | | | |withdraw from Sinai and in return get American aid | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 (cont) |War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | | †some(prenominal) of the new leaders hoped for a union of the Arab|Effects: |Effects: | | |countries; very little action taken on Palestinian |- Egypt’s military power reduced †1000 casualties; |- Israel improved its strength and hostage †kept | | |refugees among all Arab countries, except Jordan; |Israel accepted as a ineradicable member of the |Sinai, Gaza Strip, westside Bank, Golan Heights, and doubled| | |Fedayeen established †secret guerrilla attacks on |international community |the size of the country | | |Israeli targets; each year from 1949 to 1955, some 250 |- Britain and France humiliated †their decide in the|- Disaster for the Arabs †15,000 men killed; 800 tanks | | |Israelis were killed or wounded in such attacks.This |Middle East declined; had to leave Egypt empty-handed; |captured or destroyed; suffering for the Palestinians †| | |prompted Israeli attacks in retaliation, including an |failed to overthrow Nasser; failed to keep the Suez |those who had been living in the West Bank and the Gaza | | |attack on the village of Qibya in Jordan in 1953 and in |Canal open; had to sneak in petrol rationing |Strip were now in occupied territories and faced heavy | | |1955 the Israelis mounted a raid on the Gaza strip after|- Israel gained auspices against Fedayeen attacks †|restrictions on their lives | | |a series of Fedayeen attacks on their grease; Arab |destroyed their bases; UN took over Sharm el-Sheikh and |- Strength of Fatah †rancid to Fatah rather than other | | |boycott of Israeli trade †Israeli ships could not use |Gaza; outlet of Palestine Liberation Organisation |Arab states †Fatah increased their weapons; Battle of | | |the Suez Canal; confiscation of cargo from Israeli |- Nasser’s reputation in the Arab world increased †|Karameh; Arafat became leader; continual fighting | | |ships which called at Arab ports; Israel was in a |pro-western governments in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq |between Egypt and Israel; support from USSR; 197 0 | | |permanent state of tension |turned against France and Britain; hopes for United Arab|ceasefire; rebel warfare (PFLP, Dawson’s Field | | | |League were soon dashed hijackings), swart September Organisation kill | | | | |the summit Minister of Jordan, kidnapped and later | | | | |murdered football team Israeli athletes taking part in the | | | | |Munich exceeding Games; failed diplomatic effort †UN | | | | |Resolution 242 | |Arab nationalism in the 1980s and 1990s, and divisions in the Arab world |Divisions in the Arab world |Conflict | |President Sadat |Direct conflict between Israel and Lebanon | |Sadat’s initiative: recognised Israel’s existence; Camp David Agreement of 1978; Washington Treaty 1979; caused |26,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon in response to a bus hijack; PLO continued their attacks undeterred by the UN| |fury in the Arab world; President Sadat was murdered by angry Egyptian soldiers |or the Christian reserves leader, Major Haddad; June 1982 †172,000 Israeli soldiers invaded Lebanon; UN let them | | |pass; forced the PLO out of Beirut; PLO went to Algeria and Iraq. Defeat for Israel †assassination of pro-Israeli | |Lebanon |Maronite President Gemayel of Lebanon; Sabra-Chatila massacre turned public opinion in Israel against the war; | |Sunnis, Shi’ites, Druzes; Christians-Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics; conflict between Maronites and |Defence Minister Ariel Sharon resigned; Israel had to withdraw from Beirut; met with self-annihilation bombs from fanatical | |SunniMuslims; refugee problem |Shi’ites | | | | |PLO in Lebanon |PLO attacks | |Muslims in Lebanese government supported the PLO whilst the Maronites condemned them; full-scale civil war between |By 1986, PLO guerrillas were back in southeast Lebanon and making cross-border attacks on Israel; splinter groups came | |Phalangist Militia and tiger Militia and Shi’ite and Druze Muslims; Syria invaded L ebanon on the side of the |into being; Palestine Liberal Front hijacked a cruise ship and the Abu Nidal group hijacked an Egyptian airliner | |Christians and then killed Christians | | | |Internationalisation of conflict | |Civil war between terrorist groups in Lebanon | flagellum campaign was spread in places like Britain and France; in 1986 an American soldier was killed by a terrorist| | Islamic Jihad Organisation; Hezbollah; Arab Red Knights; Black Brigades; civil war involved taking of hostages |bomb in West Berlin; US bombing of tripoli and Benghazi | | | | |Rise of Hamas from Fatah |Political dissension within Israel | |Following on from this, Hamas and other militant organisations pink wine to power and shook the foundations of the |Peres †duologue in Morocco and Egypt; Taba; Yitzchak Shamir †no negotiation with the Arabs over the West Bank; | |authority which Fatah under Arafat had established. However, Arafat remained in his position until a month before |J ewish settlers continued to build new settlements there; Likud talked of extreme solutions such as the nnexation | |his death in 2004 |of the occupied territories | | | | | |Intifada | | |On 9 December 1987 an Israeli army police shot two attackers; uprising soon followed; strikes and economic | | |boycotts; refused to work for Israeli employers; Israel’s response †‘ constrict fist’ | | | | | |Arafat’s change of tactics | | |Renounced terrorism; proclamation of independent state of Palestine; want to negotiate a settlement with Israel; | | |USA entered into talks with the PLO; the Oslo Accords of 1993, agreed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and | | |PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, granted the Palestinians the right to self-determination in the Gaza Strip and the city of| | |Jericho in the West Bank, through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO had used negotiating tools to | | |get as close to their stated aims as was reali stically possible, but this by no means mark the end of the | | |conflict, as the Second Intifada, with repeated suicide bombings, took place in 2000â€04 | Sources |Lowe, N. Mastering Modern World History (3rd edition, Macmillan Masters, 997) | |BBC series, Cold War, written by Jeremy Isaac and Taylor Downing, make by Transworld in 1998 | |Hunter, R. E. The Six Day War (Purnell’s History of the twentieth vitamin C, Vol. 6, Chapter 94, BBC, 1969) | |Kyle, K. Suez: Britain’s balance of Empire in the Middle East (I. B. Tauris, 2003) | |Mandle, B. Conflict in the Promised Land (Heinemann, 1976) | |Mansfield, P. A History of the Middle East (Penguin, 2003) | |Perkins, S. J.The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Nelson Thornes, 1991) | |Regan, G. Israel and the Arabs (Cambridge University Press, 1993) | |Scott-Baumann, M. Conflict in the Middle East: Israel and the Arabs (Hodder Murray, 2007) | Processes (Part A) | rate the impact of British intervention 1914â€21 on the gro wth of Arab nationalism in the turn up decade. | | treasure the impact of Britain, Egypt and Suez 1945â€56 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | |Assess the impact of the Cold War 1956â€73 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. |Assess the impact of the United Nations and the Gulf War 1990â€91 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | The fictional character of individuals (Part A) |What was the short-run conditional relation of David Ben Gurion? | |What was the short-term significance of Colonel Abdel Nasser? | |What was the short-term significance of Yasser Arafat? | |What was the short-term significance of ibn Talal Hussein Hussein? | Key events (Part A) |What was the short-term significance of the creation of the state of Israel, 1948? | |What was the short-term significance of the war of Yom Kippur, 1973? | |What was the short-term significance of the Iranian Revolution, 1979? | |What was the short-term signif icance of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, 1995? | Processes (Part B) How significant was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the historic period 1900â€2001? | |How significant was the existence of Israeli-Arab wars as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900â€2001? | |How significant was the promotion of proposed solutions as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900â€2001? | |How significant was Israeli migration as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900â€2001? | The role of individuals (Part B) |Assess the significance of the role of individuals in affecting Israeli-Arab relations in the years 1900â€2001. | Key events (Part B) To what extent do you fill the Balfour Declaration to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the 1948 Civil War in Palestine to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the open of the Palestine Liberation Organisation to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the death of President Nasser to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? |\r\n'