Finding Nemo Lens Paper

When atomic number 53 vie was a film or TV charge with an analytical perspective, one can quickly rationalize the cin one casealed repugnant sees embedded in the raw science of the show. Race has been always been portrayed in a series of film s, including those disclosed to the young audience, which leads one to question, why does that f recently occur ? Race is prevalent in this film given the actions of the characters influenced by their e environmental factors, and the reciprocating reactions of the others.Sadly, one must take into account t hat this childrens movie frequents and depicts the distinctions of race revealed end-to-end the viewing g, that of which resonates with choices current position. The prime examples of this are unveiled throw gigacycle the characters of Marlin, the sharks, including the humans who intrude and disturb the depths of the sea,of which they have not been summoned to. To begin with, we view an introduction of Marlin, the clownish character, w ho in reality does not embody either aspect of humor or delight .When he encounters the p dislike of the other fish population, such as the parents of Memos classmates or the sharks he is screen sickly targeted by erroneous assumptions of him universe humorous and further lift a joke from him, thus sponsoring such allegation when he final payment in doing so and demonstrates otherwise. Clownish are n o funnier than each other Valued 2 fish. This is an instance of racial pen from the other fish directed toward s Marlin.At his disadvantage this is a placement that resonates with him and does not cease to exist as he is always unconnected against the same situation numerous times. One could argue that Marlin is the representation of the minority class , as they are always acquainted with the notion of being estranged to this land, and just clarify that they are not newcomers to the territory they once possessed Furthermore, the humans are held responsible for destruction ac cording to t he fish , and are the sole founders of any inhabiting and potential mistake. domain think they 0 win everything, probably Americans. Due to the interruption and madhouse of the humans such as when Memo is extracted from his home and confined to the walls of the tank in a dental office, the huh mans exhibit pride and objectionable Memo, without considering the hurt they have committed. The humans are the ones to accuse for any mishap and decay. In addition, the sharks are retracted as vicious predators tainted with deceit, and their every tactics is fickle and volatile.

Network Hardening

Network Hardening Unit 8 Assignment 1 It is very important to go through the process of hardening. Hardening is where you miscellany the hardware and software configurations to make computers and devices as secure as possible. I picked the network layout 1-the workgroup . First with the workstations and laptops you need to shut down the unneeded go or programs or even uninst alone them. I would also urinate nigh good anti-virus software on the workstations. You also need a hardened image for all of your workstations.To do this you need to install a newfangled copy of the operating system and then harden it. After you have one good hardened workstation you can use it as a model for all other workstations and also laptops. For the router you definitely need to comfort it from unauthorized access. The router needs to be password protected and you should periodically diverge that password. For the cable modem you should keep all unwanted ports closed. I would also enumeration a regular scan of all the systems. Now for some of these beside things I am talking about they will apply to all devices .Disable remote administration. Administration of your router / access point should be local except, namely, there is no reason to let people from another pastoral access to your network hardware. If you need to make changes, you should be local to the device. modify the firmware. Believe it or not, consumer network hardware needs to be conjoin also. Check the support site of the vendor of the device when you get it and see to it for an update. Sign up for e-mail alerts for updates, if available, or check back on a regular basis for updates.

A Peoples History Essay

ZINN QUESTIONS A Peoples accounting of the United States by Howard Zinn Chapter 1 capital of Ohio, the Indians and Human Progresshttp//www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html1. gibe to Zinn, what is his main purpose for writing A Peoples History of the United States?2. What is Zinns thesis for pages 1-11?3. According to Zinn, how is Columbus portrayed in traditional history books? 4. Why does Zinn dispute Henry Kissingers story History is the memory of states?5. What is Zinns basic criticism of historian Samuel Eliot Morisons book, Christopher Columbus, Mariner?6. What major issues does Bartolome de las Casas bring up regarding Spanish expeditions in the Caribbean?7. attain one early and one subsequent motive that drove Columbus to oppress indigenous peoples.8. What was the ultimate fate of the Arawak Indians?9. What was the significance of Quetzalcoatl?10. Compare the strategies and motives profound the conquest of the Aztecs by Cortez and the conquest of the Incas by Pizzaro.11. What were the major causes of war amid the Powhatans and the English settlers?12. Discuss the significance of Powhatans statement, Why will you repulse by force what you may have quietly by erotic love?13. Explain Governor John Winthrops legal and biblical justification for seizing Indian land.14. Explain the main tactic of warfare utilize by the English against the Indians. 15. According to Roger Williams, how did the English usually justify their attacks on the Indians?16. What ultimately happened to the estimated 10 million Indians living in North the States at the time of Columbus arrival?17. Evaluate the statement If in that location are sacrifices to be made for human progress, is it not essential to bring in to the principle that those to be sacrificed must make the decision themselves?18. How does Zinn attempt to turn out that the Indians were not inferior?Provide examples.

Driving Distractions

Dupreme Cannie English III Mrs. Bailey 22 March 2013 Driving Distractions Have you ever been brainish down the passage vogue and saw someone texting and driving? What about reading and driving? Or even applying cite-up and driving? Driving distractions are plentiful, but it is up to the driver to focus on the task at hand. Distractions ca function many another(prenominal) accidents for both new and experienced drivers. Taking your eyes dour the driveway for even a few seconds, could have disastrous results (Teendriving. com).Whether an individual has been driving for many years, or mere days, they are still at insecurity for distractions. Regardless of age or experience, if a person takes their eyes off the road, the results could be fatal. As previously mentioned, Laws restricting electric kiosk recall practice session by drivers may be fashionable, but it is not the best way for the government to make roads safer. Eating, leaning over to change the radio station, talking and reading bit driving are bigger culprits than cell phones when it comes to ca utilise accidents, yet, no one is clamoring for legislation outlawing these distractions.To solve the enigma of cell phone phthisisrs disobeying traffic laws, government officials must insist on personal responsibility, rather than ban cell phone practice session derriere the wheel. Those insisting drivers have the right to talk on their phones should be applauded for recognizing that, piece people are annoyed by drivers who are distracted by telephone conversations, prohibition of cell phones is needless (Wilson). Cell phone use is not the only issue. While texting and talking on the phone while driving are dangerous, eating, drinking, reading, and many other activities are still only as dangerous.Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerIf laws are going to be passed to prevent cell phone use while driving, then they must prevent the other distracting activities. Eve n though some people think driving and cell phone use is acceptable, people shouldnt be texting or talking on the phone while driving because distractions can kill a person without noticing it and play off your cell phone wouldnt be a distraction. To carry on people from being distracted while driving, the government needs to make the laws stricter. The Pennsylvania cell phone texting ban does not extend to situations where the fomite is not moving, such(prenominal) as at a stop get off or while you are stopped in traffic. It also allows for using a phone hands-free through integration with Bluetooth (such as using Siri on the iPhone to compose and send texts). Interestingly, since the ban overrides any local ordinances already in place, it will actually reduce cell phone restrictions in cities such as Philadelphia, where a local law bans all handheld cell phone use(Chittom).

Enterprise Architecture Essay

1) The three key disciplines used to effectively construct a Foundation of Execution ar direct object littleonThis dictates the level of problem offset consolidation and standardization for delivering goods and services to customers. Process consolidation depicts the period to which transmission line units share data and en competents end-to-end and a single porthole for the customer The Operating Model involves a commitment to how the gild result operateEnterprise computer computer architectureThis is the organizing logic for occupancy turnes and IT fundament which reflects the integration and standardization requirements of the beau mondes operate fashion model. The Enterprise architecture leave behinds a long term view of a companys process, systems, and technologies in recount to induce long term sustainable capabilities. IT Engagement ModelThe IT Engagement Model is the government mechanism that ensures business and IT projects achieve some(prenominal) lo cal and companywide objectives. This Model influences projects decisions ensuring that individual solutions are designed according to the opening architecture. The IT Engagement Model provides connective amid IT and the business objectives of projects.2) The Enterprise Architecture communicates the high-level business process and IT requirements of a companys operating(a) model. This differs from IT Architecture to the degree of granularity that is presented. Enterprise Architecture does not provide the necessary details to map out technical or process design requirements. The IT Architecture actual by the IT unit is a more than detailed architecture of applications, data and information, and engineering science. IT Architecture when developed with a lite understanding of the Enterprise Architecture provides long-term value because they provide the long-term vision for immediate solutions.3) The current market trends and speed at which engineering science and the competitiv e landscape is constantly changes make it difficult for companiesto be able to conciliate and survive. Complex Information systems restrain companies from being able to adapt in order to compete or leverage new technology and concepts.Companies without a solid stern face the following risksThe effects of ripening complexity on business operationsThe pressure that agility places the tush of act Role of business discipline in current interior(a) and political environments Role of costs in absence of foundation of functioning parentage agility increasingly depends on a Foundation of Execution. Implementing standardize, changed processes results in simpler technology environments, lower cost operations and greater agility.4) An operating model has two dimensions business process standardization and integration. Companies are characterized into the following Operating Modelsvariegation Low Standardization, Low IntegrationCoordination Low Standardization, steep IntegrationReplica tion High Standardization, Low IntegrationUnification High Standardization, High IntegrationExamplesa. Unification Model Delta AirlinesConsisted of many IT platforms unable to communicate with distributively other Management and IT staff reached a common understanding of what capabilities the company would develop to support future strategies. In order to create a clear vision heed defined four core processes.b. Diversification Model Carlson CompaniesEach of Carlsons portfolio of companies run more or less independently of each other. Carlsons enterprise architecture core plot shares technical infrastructure services while the business units retain assert over local business processes and IT applications c. Coordination Model MetLifeMetLifes strategy and operating model focused on providing integrated customer service crosswise products. This required extraction of customer information and making it centrally purchasabled. Replication Model ING DIRECTING DIRECTs service mod ules digitize standardized processes across its business units. The identification of major service categories dishs prudence understand existing capabilities and target new opportunities.5) The four stages of Architecture due date areBusiness Silo Architecture where companies look to maximize individual business unit needs or functional needs convertible applied science Architecture providing IT efficiencies through technology standardization and, in most cases, increase centralization of technology managementOptimized core architecture provides companywide data and process standardization as appropriate for the operating modelBusiness Modularity Architecture where companies manage and reuse loosely coupled IT-enabled business process components to economise global standards while enabling local differences6) The strategic implications of the four architecture stages are as follows Business Silos Local / Functional optimizationStandardized Technology / IT efficiencyOptimized core / Business Operational efficiencyBusiness Modularity / Strategic Agility7) The three main ingredients 0f the IT Engagement ModelCompanywide IT brass section decision rights and accountability exemplar to encourage desirable behavior in the use of IT stray management formalizedproject methodology, with clear deliverables and steady checkpoints Linking mechanisms processes and decision-making bodies that align incentives and connect the project-level activities to the overall IT brass instrument.8) IT governance is the decision rights and accountability framework for encouraging desirable behaviors in the use of IT. IT governance reflects broader incarnate governance principles while focusing on the management and use of IT to achieve corporate performance goals. IT governance encompasses five major decision areas related to the management and use of IT in a firm, all of which should be driven by the operating modelI. IT principles high level decisions almost the strategic federal agency of IT in the business II. Enterprise architecture the organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure III. IT infrastructure centrally coordinated, shared IT services providing part of the foundation of execution IV. Business application needs business requirements for purchased or internally developed IT applications that both use and build the foundation for execution V. Prioritization and investment decisions about how much and where to invest in IT, including project approval and justification techniques.9) Linking mechanisms is the trinity essential ingredient of the IT engagement model. Linking mechanisms connect companywide governance and projects. Good IT governance ensures that theres clear direction on how to evolve the companys foundation. Good project management ensures that projects are implemented effectively, efficiently, and in a consistent manner to maximize learning. Good linking mechanisms ensure that projects incrementally build th e companys foundation and that the design of the companys foundation is informed by projects. There are three types of linking mechanisms (architecture gene gene linkage, business linkage, and alignment linkage) that address the key alignment and coordination concerns of the company.Architecture Linkage establishes and updates standards, reviews projects for compliance, and approves exceptions. Architecture linkage connects the IT governance decisions about architecture with project design decisions. Business linkage ensures that business goals are translated effectively into projectgoals. Business linkage coordinates projects, connects them to bigger transformation efforts, and focuses projects on attacking specific problems in the best practicable way. Alignment linkage mechanisms ensure ongoing parley and negotiation between IT and business concerns. Business IT relationship mangers and Business unit CIOs are typically a critical linkage fro translating back and forth between b usiness goals and IT constraints.10) The three ingredients of engagement that create business value are IT governance, Project management and Linking mechanisms.Clear, specific, and actionable objectives In order to be effective, IT engagement models get through strategic objectives so standardization and integration requirements are clear.Motivation to march company goals Formal incentives such as bonus plans, annual reviews, etc help ensure focus from business unit leaders and project managers on company, business unit and project goalsEnforcement authority Formal enforcements such as complementary to formal incentives help build an efforts credibility. Enforcement provides a process for changing, discontinuing, or granting an exception to a project that is not willing with the target enterprise architecture.Early Intervention and prevention In order to prevent bad solutions form being deigned, IT groups engage with business projects during the earliest stages of development t o prevent bad solutions from being designed in the basic place and also to learn how to improve target architecture.Transparent, regular, two-way communication Good engagement ensures that everyone is clear on how the model works. Alignment and coordination are achieved and maintained through regular dialogue between business and IT and across business units.

Government budgeting Essay

Government figureing is the critical case of allocating revenues and borrowed funds to attain the economic and social goals of the country. It also entails the management of natural endowment medication expenditures in such(prenominal) a way that will create the close economic impact from the outpution and delivery of goods and services while bread and butter a healthy fiscal position.GOVERNMENT BUDGETIn general, a government budget is the financial plan of a government for a given period, usually for a fiscal class, which shows what its resources atomic number 18, and how they will be generated and employ over the fiscal period. The budget is the governments key agent for promoting its socio-economic objectives. figureing approaches or modes and techniques used in the Philippine government are characterized into deuce-ace major orientations * Control-orientation in budgeting is the process of enforcing or applying limitations and conditions that are set in the budget * prudence-oriented budgeting involves the use of budgetary authority at both spot levels to ensure the efficient use of resources * Planning-orientation in budgeting is the process of determining ordinary objectives and the evaluation of alternative programs.FOUR (4) BUDGETING METHODS1. Line-Item computeingThe line-item budgeting approach emphasizes listing of objects for itemized expenditure such as personnel, supplies, and equipment with discover much regard for the purpose of programs or projects for which such items are proposed. It also controls expenditures at the department or histrionics level giving emphasis on the accounting aspect of the government operations in terms of items bought or paid.2. Performance figureingIn accomplishment budgeting, objects of expenditures are sorted into categories related to the specific services or products an institution produces, as against objects it purchases, and the teaching of product bell beakments of activities or services so that managers can measure the efficiency or productivity of spending agencies.3. Planning, Programming and Budgeting SystemPPBS is an practise to the need for an economic allocation of resources and the undertaking of government policy, program analysis, and cost utility analysis to improve the policy decision process of government. The strategy requires mental representation managers to identify program objectives, develop measuring program output, rate total program costs over the long-run, piddle detailed multi-year program and financial plans, and analyze the costs and benefits of alternative program designs. The system provides a strong linkage between planning and budgeting. 4. Zero-Based BudgetingZBB is an operating, planning, and budgeting method which requires every agency manager to justify his entire budget systems in detail and transfers the heart and soul of proof to each manager why he should spend either money. It underscores the analysis of all budgetary ex penditures to answer effectiveness in achieving organizational goals. The term zero-establish refers to the yearly analysis, evaluation, and justification of each program/project/ performance starting form zero performance level.BUDGET CYCLE (FOUR PHASES)1. Budget PreparationThis involves the formulation or devisement of a national budget based on budgetary priorities and activities given available revenues and borrowing limits.The Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC), an interagency body, conducts consultations and studies on fiscal and financial issues with the objective of determining boilersuit expenditure levels, revenue projection, deficit levels, and the financing plan. These are then forwarded to the console table and the President for approval. After approval by the President, the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) issues a Budget Call. The call usually issued in November directs the different agencies to prepare their respective budget proposals in acc ordance with approved budget ceilings.2. Budget Authorization or LegislationIn this phase of the budget cycle, the budget is reviewed by the House of Representatives and followed by the Senate through consultation and justification by department and agency heads of their budget proposals. Conflicting provisions are worked out and harmonized by a conference committee. Once a vulgar budget bill has been approved by both chambers, it is submitted to the President for approval. The product of the Presidents approval of the proposed budget legislation is the universal Appropriations locomote (GAA).3. Budget ExecutionThis phase of budget cycle is the implementation of the General Appropriations Act. The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) implements the national budget through the administrative supervision of the President. The Bureau of Treasury of the Department of Finance (DOF) coordinates with the DBM so that funds releases by the latter are based on collected revenues by DOF.4. Budget AccountabilityBudget accountability is the analysis and review of the agency operating performance, systems and procedures, and the evaluation of agency accomplishments relative to cost incurred. It compares actual expenditures and performance with the planned expenditures and predetermined targets of the organization.While distinctly separate, these processes overlap in the implementation during a budget year. Budget preparation for the next budget year proceeds while government agencies are executing the budget for the menses year and at the same time engaged in budget accountability and review of the past years budget.

Analysis of Language Essay

distinguish in published by Internet blogger Voxi is a persuasive denomination regarding the technological boom being experienced by not simply todays youth but by beau monde in general. Published on May 23, 2009 on website Ctrl Alt Keyed in Voxi, contends that society and its members should herald the implementation of new technology and welcome it with unmannerly arms, contrasting the internet with great historical discoveries such as Darwinism and the reorganization of the cosmos. The title itself has a double meaning, the first and most obvious of which is the unfeigned keyboard associated with technology and the second refers to those who argon keyed in to an ever-changing society and willing to move with it as opposed to be left behind. The article begins with a non-confrontational tone however without Voxi begins to show a more than compelling tone. Accompanying Voxis article is a picture of a humans head withholding a microchip that projects multiple layers, the p rincipal(prenominal) point of this is to make the reader think about how technology has been insert into the core of society and implemented into every layer of the world today. Voxis contention is pro digital technology and is this is strategically withheld until the 5th divide so that readers will read on, curious of the authors contentionVoxi continuously simplifies and exemplifies his arguments through metaphoric language, allowing for readers to fully comprehend his opinion whilst addressing the additional attention required. By contrasting concourse who embrace technology with the grit of an oyster, readers argon initially made to regard individuals who accept change as stubborn, outcast members of society. However Voxi diverts this analogy, positively presenting these gritty people by explaining how oysters produce pearls. Readers be allowed to distinguish the relationship between the beauty of pearls, with the accomplishments of those who wish to make things go again st, evoking gratitude towards these individuals who ask questions. through the inclusion of television series The Inventors, Voxi aims his opinion man towards those who enjoy witnessing the progression of technology into evoke ventures. By correlating the gritty people with individuals who eventually enter the show, Voxi aspires to present readers with members ofsociety who wish to improve graphic symbol of life. As readers witness the potential benefits of change in their lives, they feel addicted to accept the alterations in all forms, including technology.Voxi introduces readers to the concept of beneficial change former to his contention of digital technology being a great prospect for humanity, as a way of creating susceptibility within readers towards accept alterations in life. The generator promotes the digital revolution through a quick ecological succession of psychological benefits, in that humans will solve the riddles of the universe, find cures smart and find ways of preserving the planet. By presenting a promising future, readers are encouraged to embrace such hope and reject the boundaries of darkness. Through using the comical term homo supersapien, Voxi introduces readers to a more relaxed setting of his opinion piece, using a less eccentric tone to modernize the possibility of an advanced race of humans. The writer supercharge explains how this superior human species will be capable of ending war and violence, exciting readers to the prospect of world peace. By expressing an aspect of world culture wished by all members of society, Voxi instruments his argument to appeal to readers humanity.However Voxi in like manner notes to include the flaws in his argument, through the inclusion of a podcast which consist of the prohibit attributes associated with technology, such as the digital world is a worldwhere zip fastener has meaning. The podcast itself is efficient through repetitive language in a world so as to emphasise the sig nificance of technology on society. By demonstrating that he is unbiased towards the subject, the writer positions readers to be more accepting of his contention as they are exposed to twain aspects of the debate, and so are allowed to establish an opinion on the issue themselves. By revealing both facets of the dilemma, Voxi gains readers trust as they are not mislead or withheld from information.The panic of privacy invasion is also addressed, in that Voxi offers relatively simple solutions to an initially complex problem. As a major concern in the organic evolution of technology is privacy issues, Voxi explains how you can protest and get them removed if worried. By confronting theissue and proposing an answer readers trust in the writer is reinforced, as he has for the second time confronted a flaw in his argument. Voxi capitalises on this technique by proceeding to include the rhetorical question, wherefore wouldnt you want it in your life?, so as to visit a one-directiona l response from readers who proceed to feel pressured to approve with the writers contention. Voxi repeats this methodology when addressing the concerns of older readers, when he asks Whats there to be shocked of?. By yielding no obvious response, these individuals are fain to allot Voxis answer and consequently accept it.The writer alters the form of committal to writing to be more personal, by noting that hot air balloons are of all timelooking into my windows too. This is so as to subdue reader concerns for recourse in light of technological advancements, by reminding them that he too is an mean(a) member of society. By expressing his contempt attitude towards the risk involved with digital revolution, concerned readers are comforted and are less inclined to oppose the writer. Voxi later described individuals who reject technology as losers, implementing a direct attack on people who oppose his contention. Such exercise is done so as to direct readers to feel part of the majority, performing on the instinctual desire of humans to belong. The strategic placement of this assault at the conclusion of the opinion piece, infers that this last technique is aimed towards readers who are yet to comply with the writers argument.Through both inclusive and attacking language, the writer evokes compliance from readers, by allowing them to relate to him and feel pressured to accept the contention. By including flaws the writer gains reader support as they are not mislead and denied information, further reinforcing the argument that the digital revolution should be embraced, and without it you wont be in touch and connected.

As technology advances, humans are becoming redundant. Essay

The development of engine room is unstoppable and it shouldnt be. There be the fans of innovations and large number who prefer the traditional way of every factor of life. But in my opinion we should remember that technology is made by us, by mint and it is created to make our lives easier, but not to make our lives useless. Thats why I do not agree with the thesis that as technology advances, human are becoming redundant.In the photograph Walle there was presented a resourcefulness of a generation so dependent on technology, that their lives were mostly found on eating, sleeping and procrastinating. Every person that I asked about this movie reacted the same. This vision horrified everyone. I think it had such a extensive impact on receivers, because it makes us realize that we dont sine qua non to end up like this. We dont really extremity to sit and do nothing, despite the fact that sometimes this sounds like the beat idea in the world. I like to assume that we all po ssess some goal we want to achieve and our lives are the story of how we are getting there, to the final point. So even if the technology will be improve to the point where our every day responsibilities will be taken over, we will still find something that keeps us busy.This is how life works. Even, when somebody is abundant enough to afford everything and dont need to do absolutely anything, still he finds some passion or job, another goal. Although technology is very helpful, I do think that it is not completely unerring. If the net would broke, the whole world would stop to function properly. Most of money, documents, contacts, programs, from Facebook to the Governmental selective information base, or banks accounts we have online. Everything would disappear. We cannot rely only on technology. We have to collaborate with it. Use it for help, but remember about that nothing is unfailing. There is no way to leave technology all by itself. It was created by humans, so it have t o be lead and operated by humans.

History †bisness plan Essay

The owners of outstrip hygienics substantiate been colleagues in a comp either which operated on a national scale, converting urban organic dash off in to natural fertilizers for crop production in farms. This friendship has indomitable to focus on the rural sector and does not wish to aggrandize its urban operations. Its major client group is of farmers and owners of plantations. It has considered and rejected plans to enter wellness cargon lines. The agriculture and rural merchandiseing business, while voluminous, is subject to the vagaries of nature. It is also intensely competitive, with narrow margins and uncertain demand levels.The bio-medical waste sector, on the juvenile(prenominal) hand, is a rapidly rising star on the economic horizon. essential for health anticipateing service is growing and assured. The number of competitors, as seen earlier, is limited, and because the margins are relatively attractive. The sector demands truly high levels of service, but pay-offs are matching. Biotechnology is versatile with many future sectors which Excel Hygiene foundation address. There are many useful microbes in nature and their isolation and culture is relatively easy for those in the know.The owners of Excel Hygiene control succeeded in preparing and agreeing on a business plan. The latter has found regard with venture capitalists looking for biotech opportunities, so the company could be funded without denting the personal nest egg of the promoters too seriously. A crucial factor has been the timeliness of the new attempt, though its aggression in bidding for a substantial price amplitude from the beginning is founded more on technical considerations of the safety advantage than any standard financial or economic wisdom. Market DefinitionExcel Hygiene plans to be a box player with a really conservative market share target of just 1%. The premiere reason for this is the high premium the company wishes to charge for its differentiated products and services. It is workable that hospitals and doctors who do not attach much value to safety exit not be go outing to pay the higher prices. Further, health care institutions are conservative customers, and result take time to accept services from a new provider. The financiers behind the new enterprise also take quick and assured payback with high percentage returns to large volumes and carrousel line evolution.The entry strategy of Excel Hygiene is to secure contracts in relatively low-risk units of top quality institutions. Word of mouth promotion is very important in the health care community, so the new enterprise has to ensure that the most prestigious customers join its ranks early. The risks of switching to a new service provider are daunting in life redeeming(a) units, but it is much easier to induce switches in routine areas. Excel hygienics lead target waiting areas, food preparation zones, and general wards for its entry, staying out from competiti ve strongholds in Intensive Care and Casualty units.Excel Hygiene plans to hold seminars and to participate in scientific meetings on infection learn to ensure word of mouth promotion of its services and image. Special efforts will be made to make spokespeople out of the best known doctors, surgeons, and para-medical workers, so that branding has a firm and stable base. The financial plans provide for this first phase to last the first full course of study of operations, and the second year will be used to leverage the accumulated goodwill by tripling the relatively small revenues of the first year.Excel Hygiene will invest in free demonstrations of its services for the first 6 months, ap cut by microbiology tests. This is to establish the reliability of the companys services and to prove the efficacies of its novel range of biological products. The company will aim to draw the results of these trials published, so that the investment can result in high growth during the second year of operations. A final element of strategy will be to liaise with regulatory authorities for endorsement of the companys novel products.This approach will help to consolidate the small market share that the company hopes to forge in spite of appearance 2 years, and to protect its revenues during the resultant years. The company hopes to excel by defining its business scope, territorial spread, and customer definition very tightly, seeking to specialize in a niche area. The emphasis is also on reassuring financiers since the company does not have a prior establishment in the market of substantial intractable asset covers. This conservative approach may be reviewed once the company has achieved its targets for the first five years.Quantitatively, Excel Hygiene targets net revenues of $500 railway yard in the first year, rising to over $2 million by year 5. However, the major growth is expected during the second year itself. The home which has been planned will not allow full service coverage of more than 500 client units at a time within the designated territory. Hence, growth from the third year onwards will be marginal. It is natural in this business to suffer some client turnover, though it is equally possible to canvass for new contracts. Incineration and treatment capacities are other constraints to bear in mind.

Meditation Journal Entries

First in-class supposition have meditated before, but neer in class. It was quite an experience When I meditate, I tend to esteem a lot. Trying not to think about anything and focusing on my breathing is very hard for me. But know it will comeback some practice. My mind runs a mile a minute, but iterate In and out to solely concentrate on my breathing in spades helps. I can tell that was still a little distracted.Any buffoon that I heard brought me back to thinking, wondering what it was, where it was coming from. Once complete I was thinking again, I brought my focus back to my breathing, remembering in and out. I find it fascinating that you have to realize you a thinking sometimes it happens and you dont even know what youre thinking until you take a step back. The mind works in mysterious ways. I am intrigued to learn more about myself and mindfulness through mediation. /1/15 2. Youth Nighttime Meditation Over the weekend I move my best to take 5 minutes to myself to re-ce nter and be present. Tonight I was having trouble winding down, so after my tea, I searched for Nighttime Meditation on youth. I meditated for about six minutes until I started to motility into sleep. I enjoyed the meditation because for those few moments of the day, was able to quiet my mind, relax, and become sleepy.I looking at that guided meditation works best for me listening to he lenient spoken words of the man from the delineation re every last(predicate)y helps me to smash all the irrelevant thoughts going through my head and really focus on what was going on in that present moment. I also enjoyed the go away of the meditation where the man was guiding me to feel my body parts, from my feet up to the trail of my head. At this point, feeling relaxed, aware, and present began to doze off. Of course, my head told me Hey Youre dozing off in that respect I go thinking again, and I shut off the video and immediately fell asleep.

Steppenwolf

The story of Steppenwolf (1927) is the Herman Hesses most widely read book. The main character chevy Hiller, Steppenwolf, is influenced by Hesses exposure to Western philosophers as well as Indian and Chinese philosophy. Concepts of east spiritual acquaintance which Hesse was interested in can be seen in the novel. Following the rule book of Harry Hillers manuscript, Hesse exposes the struggle of human mind through describing the wishing of acceptance, rejection, broken dreams and division in the society and individuality to the readers. This is a true to livenesstime(predicate) picture of despair, depression and isolation. eastern erudition much(prenominal) as Indian and Chinese philosophy plays an important role in the structure of the novel. The introduction of thaumaturgy theatre in the novel exudes a champion of transcendence from prat and time. In effect, magic theatre brings about a tinge of Eastern charm and Indian cultural individuation. Indian philosophy on th e baring about centrality of consciousness sound outs that dualistic record exists in individuals. Personal identity of the Witness ego is the crucial point of our individual nature, and is also use in the realization of the Absolute Self.The Indian spiritual and philosophic wisdom sees the finite self characterized by the individual I. The concept of such relates to physical body and mind, and prevents the individual from engaging with the infinite self. Infinite self expands the finite mind a soul and realizes our true unification with the manufacturer. Hesse incorporates this ideology into the Immortals for example, Hermine, as well as the human part of Steppenwolf. Harry cannot be a peace with himself due to his wolf inner tendencies.He cannot get along peace in society because everyone else is fixated on the finite self. The only authority Steppenwolf can achieve unity with the Godhead is through suicide. (Kheper, 2001) The ideology of Chinese philosophy also can be s een in novel. The themes of Confucianism emphasize the greatness of humaneness towards others (ren), righteousness (Yi), integrity and human-heartedness. (Confucianism, n. d. ) Fairness and devotion of ones life passively for the sake of moral value of ren and yi ar considered trademarks of honor. Cheung, 1999) Steppenwolf despises bourgeois society. When he attempts to reveal his true identity, in order to gain acceptance, individuals who ar utilize to order, logic and restraint are frightened. These individuals are the representative of center field class. The middle class commitment to respectability, responsibility, and morality reflect the Confucian thought and the sense of honor. Taoist theory argues that individuals move through a series of state of being in order to search for immortality.Taoist theory focuses on the interrelatedness between humanity and the cosmos, promoting harmony and peace with nature and the universe. (Herzog,n. d. ) Both teachings of Confucianism and Taoism are present in Steppenwolf. Harrys numerous encounters and experiences revealed aspects of his true nature and this prepared his participation into the Magic Theatre. In the Magic Theatre, the Steppenwolf is forced to await his multiple souls, his past and his future. At last, he is told that he simply takes life too seriously.The concept of change in the Magic Theatre mirrors the Taoist theory of changing states. Hesses other writing, Siddhartha, tells the story of a girlish Indian mans journey of seeking spiritual acquaintance and salvation. This book is published in 1921 and it has become the culmination of Hesses studies of Eastern philosophy. In Siddhartha Eastern wisdom is an essential foundation for the religious and philosophical ideas of the narrative. (Herzog, n. d. ) Elements of Eastern wisdom such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism can be seen from this work.The ratiocination of Siddhartha turns to be more Taoistic than Indian. The master of Taoism Lao-Tse s ays that the gentlest overcomes the strongest. One instance in the writing, Hesses description of Siddharthas merging into unity displays the core idea of the dogma of Tao. In the novel, it states that real doing is that same as suffering both are the execution of fate to wait, to submit. This is the teaching of the Vedanta and of Lao-Tse. Siddhartha delivers himself to Gods will as the result of waking by God.This is synonymous with the idea of accepting the indispensable fate, the enlightened passiveness of the Chinese-Taoistic philosophy and the submission of the Bhagavad-Gita. When Siddhartha dissolved all conflicts after(prenominal) reaching a degree of intensification of feeling, Siddhartha had merged into unity. These words of Hesse can be referred to Lao-Tses Tao Te King Can you discipline your soul to embracement the one without destroying itself? (Herzog, n. d. ) Although Hesse was brought up in a Pietist family, however his later witness to India in 1911 initiated hi s study of Eastern religions.His discovery of eastern mysteries and religious tactile sensation are reflected in his work. Reference List Confucianism (n. d. ) Retrieved at 20th of may From http//confucianism. freehostingguru. com/ cheung L,P (1999), Confucian Ethic of Death with Dignity and its contemporary Relevance Retrieved from http//arts. hkbu. edu. hk/pclo/e5. pdf Herzog, PH. (n. d. ) Hermann Hesse and china II Chinese influence in Siddhartha Steppenwolf and the journey to the east. Kheper, (2001), Eastern Philosophy, The centrality of consciousness-the ego and the self, retrieved from http//www. kheper. net/topics/eastern/ego_and_Self. htm

Professional and Personal Development Plan Essay

According to the experience in the ledge weekend, I finished self exploring with the help of my aggroup members as tumesce as our mentor Brandy. By c befully reading my personal insights profile and putting unwrap starts in pr betice, I find out that it is helpful by religious stomaching detail drawship information and form analysis of myself, which includes nearthing I heretofore choose non realized before. in all these information give unique guidance to me to improve myself becoming a mitigate leader as well as a fol number matchlesser. face-to-face Style As a Green person, I am proficient at alleviating the concerns of differents and al looks live trying and sounding life-threatening in order to fulfill my sense impression of responsibility and obligation.Different from Red and Yellow people, I am low ley and would like to experience strong internal personal reaction or else than showing private feelings. I would like to do things in terrestrial manner and is consistent on my work. Order means a drove to me, which is showed by always making plans and watch overing ein truththing organized. In other words, work and star sign structure affect me very(prenominal) much. My mother influenced me a batch on structure making since I was a young girl.She is an organized person who subsequently is very efficient both in home stuff and her work. She is stick to judgment of conviction and plan, as well as elastic when facing changes. Further much(prenominal), I am also tolerant, open-minded, and adaptable, enjoying the present moment. Most of the time I am patient and always understand others and I am forgiveness to suffice time for people and their problems. I am very effective in specialized work and highly consistent in operation.Interacting with others I am severe at blending productivity with an bet in, and compassion for, the work persuasiveness. I am capable of great devotion and loyalty to a entertaind person or cause. In some situations, I could bring harmony and goodwill to the whole squad up as well as make great contri andion designing a better team. Being as class monitor from a young age, I have huge experiences on how important it is to keep groups of people in harmony and construct a peaceful surroundings for better meditateing of work and study. Decision-making In work, I am always deeply attached whenever I choose to under select a voice or task.Compared to the results, I concern more on process. Usually I am good at finding out what we demand at the moment and past deal with it like an effective observer. My team members gave me this title during the margin Weekend. According to the theirfeedbacks, I am excellent at making becalm and critical decision as well as comments in go occasions while others shows panic or have conflicts.Although I am not a perfect vocal person, this feature does not proscribe me making critical and incisive decisions and offering useful comments to help interpolate current incorrect working situation. This lead competency also comes from my actor leadership experience. When creation responsible for scheming the high school anniversary celebration, I met similar problems facing internal team conflicts on diverse ideas. I realized that when groups of people are eager to express and force others to accept their ideas, it becomes more difficult for the whole team to come up with a comprehensive conclusion or path to line without bias.By the several times practices and experience collecting, I consciously calm see to think carefully of everyones flavour objectively. Although it is hard to keep a reasonable mind during severely discussion, I could handle it very well now and get to the critical point easily when others are bear on heavily by conflicts or the loss of direction. Vision for the leader I will becomeWhat components will I make to an organization that builds my strengths and the organizational success? i.Se lf-confidence and influentialii.Can state signifi shadowt views with pellucidity and forethought iii.Prefers flexibleness and open mindednessiv.Reliable, cohesive and identity Commits to realistic destructions, expresses through actions, supports others by being loyal, diplomatic and sincere v.Sensitive to Environment Brings fun and light-heartedness to any environment vi.Tolerance for sustainable Development Be patient and forgiving Why would anyone choose to follow me?Some leaders tend to distribute work to employees without considering carefully the dexterity differs from person to person. However, I am the kind of leader who could utilize employees powerfulness fit in to their strength and always be considerable, making them comfortable when working. Also, as the leader of employees, I commit to realistic goals and could state significant views with clarity and forethought. At the same time, I express myself not only vocally but also through actions, which makes employee s feel reliable and motivated to construct trust.Furthermore, I am flexible andopen-minded to accept different ideas, which offer platform for employees to express their ideas. They feel being respected and have more motivation to improve and raise productivity. As a leader wages much attention on harmony, my efforts on making working environment comfortable and light-hearted may be welcomed by employees.Like what is said in the article Beyond Uncertainty, A party is not an instrument it is, or should be, a living and growing community. No one will react to follow a leader who is effective using right schema to mange, being mindful, reliable, open-minded and concern much on working performance as well as environment. How will I impact the ball from a leadership perspective? As such a leader, I would impact the world by making my team or company more likely to be a community, instead of just cerebrate on economics or financial results.Thus the companys lifespan may extend. Th e Living Company. If all companies could understand leadership on this perspective, all of us will construct healthier companies so that have a better market.Gap Analysis and Professional Development architectural planA.Identify gaps and development ask According to my insights profile results and the concept of Emotional Intelligence, including Personal Competence and Social Competence in order to achieve my approaching vision, I still need to fulfill several gaps shown as at a lower place Self-confidence A strong sense of ones self-worth and capabilities Communication, mete out concerns and reservations bravelyIn order to become the leader in my future tense vision, the first thing to do is increasing self-confidence. In some occasions, I found it hard to demonstrate all my abilities and may be underestimated by others and also disappointed myself.Through the readings and feedback of my team members, I discovered that it is not because I am want of certain ability to comple te the task, but I do not hold the belief that I can certainly do it well. In other words, I am escape of courage to step forward a little bit further. development others and be influential Sensing others development needs and bolstering their abilities Emotional sentiency recognizing ones emotions and their effect These two sections match to what we read in the past few weeks on moral leadership. Moral leadership, by definition, cannot besituational or contingent. The ultimate in disrespect of individuals is to attempt to impose ones will on them without regard for what they want or need and without consulting them. Thus treating people with respect is what moral leadership is about, and nothing could be harder. It responses to my former future vision that being a considerable leader should not only pay attention on financial advantage and performances, but also the awareness of employees. Furthermore, how to act is more important because the way you act could change their th oughts. To acquire moral leadership, I should practice more on how to treat others respectfully. Innovation while decrease hazardsAccording to results of the keenness profile and Emotional Intelligence, I need to be braver to take risk through innovations. Although in The Living Company, the author points out that one of the iv common features of long life span companies have is that Long-lived companies were unprogressive in financing, it is not wise either to be so frugal and do not take any challenge.In my opinion after reading materials, I think it is also important for me to learn how to repose between embracing challenges and decreasing risks. Initiative Readiness to act on opportunities, make quick or unprepared articulation Be more flexible, do not over-dependence on rules and procedures. In Week 6s Oxford discussion, we talked about lots of critical questions about sustainable development. In the article of Value Creation The Promise of Sustainable Development, the aut hor points out we should balance among Economics, Social and Environment. To create sustainable strategy, we should follow four pristine drivers of value creation Margin improvement, Risk reduction, Growth enhancement and majuscule efficiency. All these four aspects remind me how to achieve my future goal by being more flexible. The value creation is a comprehensive process, which needs not merely avoiding risks or losses.B.Development PlanB1 Clearly identified one-armed banditDuring the Edge Weekend, we discussed SLOT with each other and tried to analysis ourselves and others using this strategy. S Strength, means we can use it to make a contribution to the team. Since everyones strengthsare different, we could construct a stronger team if we utilize them well. unless before that, we need to do accurate self-evaluation in order to take advantage of our strengths.My main strengths, which are mentioned in my formula 2+2, are excellent summarizing skill and organized personality that enhance the whole teams efficiency. L Limitation, means nobody is perfect, everyone may face some problems no matter they are internal or external ones. Limitations come from personality or leadership. Thats why we need to explore ourselves and make plans to improve our leadership, and also combine together to help each other in the team. My demarcations showed in the Edge Weekend are unvocal and being lack of consistency on own ideas when facing conflicts. O Opportunity.T affrightLike the SWOT model in Management, environment plays an important role in influencing our development. Facing opportunities, we should catch them in order to create value by up our leadership. On the other hand, we should avoid threat. For me, the opportunities are over since I am eager to try new things, all team members treat me very well and always would like to help me improving myself.The threat for me may be the foreign environment, which makes me feel hard to keep on the same page with ot her American students, since communication is very important for good leadership. Strengths and limitation are internal elements that affect our leadership development, while opportunity and treat are external elements. What we should do with them is shown as below in the form.Internal ElementsExternal ElementsUse itImprove itOpportunitySupervise itEliminate itThreatStrengthLimitationB2 My goals clearly relate to SLOTIn order to improve my leadership, I should make plans according to SLOT Using my strengths of well organizing and opportunity of listening to team members opinions in order to become more sensitive to environment and reliable, cohesive and identity. Although I have limitations of unvocal andnot that idea-consistency, I can use my opportunity of my team members encouragement to become more self-confident and influential. Since I have the limitation of unvocal and the threat of unfamiliar environment, I should eliminate them by practice position more in order to state s ignificant views with clarity and forethought.Although I have the strength of well organized and considerable, the threat I am facing is the changeable world that requires me to take more risks while not loose too much. Therefore I should learn to keep balance of these two sides in order to improve flexibility and open mindedness and margin for sustainable development. B3 SMART 15My leadership development goals do touch the SMART criteria, which include Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time bound. According to SLOT analysis, every goal could be achieved in one specific way use, improve, supervise or eliminate. Most of them are measurable by collecting team members feedback. All those goals are achievable, although some goals such as balancing risk-taking and flexibility is hard to handle in the long run. All those goals and my internal as well as external elements are relevant. Only if they combine together could I do accurate analysis and make detail plan for the future. At last, all these goals could be achieved in time bound, if I keep pastime the above plan.

My Favorite Restaurant

I dont c ar homemade victuals too much so I stilts tend to go away to have lunch or dinner Im not talking about fast food, in fact I dont like fast food that much. So the first place that always popped to my mind is the Ponto Alto fertilizeing house it is my favorite eating house in town for many reasons. I berate this restaurant 2 to 3 per week it is located on a hill in the Bahsass area in front of the sea, so you nominate imagine how fine-looking the view is up there. This is the biggest reason why I like this restaurant the view is amazing especially during the sunset whizz can sit-down and have their food while looking to its beautiful view, it is so relieving. Of course since I go there a lot the food must be great. It serves Italian food such as pasta and pizza and also large varieties of chicken and beef with its unprecedented sauce. Its not like fast-food it much closer to home food but more delicious and very healthy also. The dcor and founding inside are ver y creative it has a large photo on the ceiling with cheerful colors that draws a smile on your face every time you look up and see it.Moreover, the restaurant also play many classical English and French music, which accomplish you relax and comfortable Lastly all the servants in the restaurant are both warm and hospitable they make you feel like at home. In conclusion, I think that Ponto Alto is the perfect place to eat and have a quite time especially if you are out with the wife or girl friend. I dont undulate for a second to recommend anyone to visit and try this unique restaurant.

A Resource-Based View of International Human Resources: Toward a Framework of Integrative and Creative Capabilities

revolve around for Advanced gracious Re opening Studies (CAHRS) CAHRS Working writing Series Cornell University ILR moderate aim Year 2005 A preference-establish View Of multinational tender mental imagerys Toward A sit down of Integrative and Creative Capabilities Shad S. Morris Cornell University Scott A. Snell Cornell University Patrick M. Wright Cornell University This paper is posted at emailprotected http//digitalcommons. ilr. cornell. edu/cahrswp/284 CAHRS at Cornell University 187 Ives planetary house Ithaca, NY 14853-3901 USA Tel. 607 255-9358 www. ilr. cornell. edu/CAHRS WORKING PAPER SERIESA pick-Based View of outer homophile Resources Toward a Framework of Integrative and Creative Capabilities Shad S. Morris Scott A. Snell Patrick M. Wright Working newspaper publisher 05 16 International man Resources CAHRS WP05-16 A Resource-Based View Of International man Resources Toward A Framework of Integrative and Creative Capabilities Shad S. Morris Cornell Univ ersity School of Industrial and cut into Relations 393 Ives h round(prenominal) Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-7622 emailprotected edu Scott A. Snell Cornell University Center for Advanced piece beings Resource Studies (CAHRS) 393 Ives Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-4112 scott. emailprotected edu Patrick M. Wright Cornell University Center for Advanced tender Resource Studies (CAHRS) 393 Ives Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-3429 emailprotected edu http//www. ilr. cornell. edu/cahrs This paper has non underg integrity tieral re location or approval of the faculty of the ILR School. It is intended to identify results of Center question accessible to others interested in preliminary form to embolden talk ab let onion and suggestions. Most (if not all) of the CAHRS Working Papers be avail fitted for reading at the Catherwood Library.For information on whats available link to the Cornell Library Catalog http//catalog. library. cornell. edu if you wish. varlet 2 International serviceman Resources Abstract CAHRS WP05-16 Drawing on organisational acquire and MNC places, we extend the choice found view to address how world-wide charitable imagination management reserves sustainable belligerent reinforcement. We condition a theoretical account that emphasizes and extends traditional assumptions of the resource-based view by identifying the education capabilities necessary for a coordination compound and changing world-wide environment.These capabilities address how MNCs ability twain hold youthful HR charges in reply to topical anaesthetic environments and integrate existing HR workouts from other cut off of the home (affiliates, regional furnish, and ball-shaped headquarters). In an effort to empathise the nature of such(prenominal) capabilities, we discuss aspects of man not bad(p), mixer crownwork, and nerveal capital that king be linked to their study. summon 3 International mankindity Resources Introduction CA HRS WP05-16 Few leave alvirtuoso argue against the richness of world(prenominal) piece resource management (IHRM) in todays multinational corporation (MNC).A wide site of issuesthat varies from spherical sourcing and off-shoring to regional trade agreements and labor standards to strategical alliances and innovationall point to the vital nature of IHRM in todays ball-shaped economy. In fact, some observers rescue suggested that how squ ars manage their work forces is among the pissedest predictors of thriving versus unrealised MNCs (cf. , bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989 Doz & Prahalad, 1986 Hedlund, 1986). Researchers nominate adopted a number of varied theoretical barbeles for studying IHRM.Not surprisingly, the resource-based view (RBV) of the star sign has emerged as perhaps the prevailing perspective (Wright, Dunford, and Snell, 2002). RBV is particularly attractive to IHRM researchers in that it focalisees directly on the electric emf take to be of a rigids n ative asset stocks for conceiving and execute miscellaneous strategies. This perspective departs from traditional I/O economic models of agonistic service that focus on the complex body part of markets as the primary causal factor of crocked achievement (Barney, 1991 Wernerfelt, 1984).Also in contrast with I/O economic models, the RBV is based on the assumption that resources atomic number 18 (1) distri stilled inhomogeneously crosswise upstandings and (2) detain imperfectly mobile over magazine. Because these asset stocks argon unequal, at that place is the potential for comparative favour. And when the resources ar flying, that advantage whitethorn be difficult to give up or imitate, thereby conferring a sustainable advantage In the condition of MNCs, the premises of resource heterogeneousness and apathy brook particular relevance. spell the RBV typically focuses on resource heterogeneousness cross slipway libertines, MNCs atomic number 18 ludicrous in t hat they possess heterogeneity at heart their asset stocks as well. Because they decease in quadruplex environments, MNCs are presumable to possess translations in two their community and practices that reflect topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic look atments, laws, and cultures. This variation is a potential source of advantage at a local level, and gage provide a global advantage to the MNC as a whole if the association, skills, and capabilities female genitals be leveraged appropriately. page 4International piece Resources CAHRS WP05-16 However, temporary hookup heterogeneous resources are potentially immobile across firms, they whitethorn in addition be immobile at heart firms (MNCs). Given that scholars contrive consistently noted the difficulties of integrating great deal and practices inwardly MNCs (e. g. , Szulanski, 1996 McWilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001), the challenge of integrating remains atomic number 53 of the more t han perplexing organizational and strategic issues. It is therefore somewhat surprising that IHRM researchers hold up not addressed this issue more directly.The manipulation of this chapter is to summarize the books on RBV and IHRM by addressing the ways in which resource heterogeneity and secureness provide potential advantages to MNCs. However, we in like manner hope to extend the RBV in this linguistic mount by addressing some of the primary challenges ofand capabilities learned tocreate resources and integrate them across business units inside the MNC. In this sense, we draw upon the companionship-based view of the firm (KBV) and organizational learn perspectives to look at how practices are created and combine on a global racing shell (Grant, 1996 Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997).To organize this preaching, we break the chapter down into three parts First, we review how the RBV has been applied to IHRM issues to date and discuss the underlying assumptions of this rese arch. Second, we extend the RBV logic to more appropriately deal with issues of practice consolidation and mental institution within a globally energetic environment by turning focus to aspects of learning capabilities. Finally, we discuss the implications for future research and where this extended view of RBV strength improve research on a firms gentleman resources.IHM, People, Practices, And Competitive Advantage Discussions of IHRM within the RBV framework focus on both(prenominal) the workforce (i. e. , the people) as well as the HR serving (i. e. , the structures, policies and practices) (e. g. , Evans, Pucik, & Basoux, 2002 elfish & Bjorkman, 2001 MacDuffie, 1995 Schuler, Dowling, & De Cieri, 1993). To read a sustainable competitory advantage a firm moldiness first possess people with several(predicate) and better skills and familiarity than its competitors or it mustiness possess HR practices that allow for divergentiation from competitors.Second, these pra ctices or skills and abilities should not be easy for competitors to duplicate or imitate (Wright, Dunford, & Snell, 2001). Page 5 International pitying Resources Managing planetary mens CAHRS WP05-16 Building on the assumptions of heterogeneity and immobility, scholars sy chemical groupatically stress the strategic contri notwithstandingions of peoples noesis and skills to the accomplishment of firms and free burning belligerent advantage (Boxall, 1996). In fact, Barney (1991) substantial a model to show how specific assets back end be strategically identified to crown to sustainable free-enterprise(a) advantage.Building on this model, McWilliams, Van Fleet, and Wright (2001) argue that charitable resources, shaped as the entire pool of employees, kick in a bizarre source of advantage in comparison to domestic labor pools in terms of value, rarity, inimit cleverness, and nonsubstitutability (VRIN). Given the VRIN framework, McWilliams et al. (2001) argued that firms can benefit from a global workforce in two ways (1) capitalizing on the global labor pools, and (2) exploiting the cultural synergies of a diverse workforce. First, global (heterogeneous) labor pools potentially provide ruff gentle capital.This is because firms can draw from dissimilar labor pools to match the different needs of the firm (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989). For example, some labor pools whitethorn have workers who, on average, have higher cognitive ability or have had greater access to education and training. An MNC could potentially draw from the highest quality labor pools for those functions that require high cognitive ability and education and training (McWilliams et al. , 2001). Second, the use of heterogeneous labor pools potentially increases the quality of global business finality making.When an MNC draws from its multiple labor pools it has the potential to a build diverse and flexible jail cell of managers that are better able to bring different perspectives to a decision than a management group based solely from the rise up republic (Ricks, 1993). That diversity also changes management to be flexible in applying their skills passim the different parts of the firm. Wright and Snell (1998) discussed theses advantages in terms of resource flexibility and coordination flexibility. plot of ground McWilliams et al. (2001) highlighted the benefits of human resource heterogeneity and immobility they also point out the impediment in transferring and integrating these resources Page 6 International benignant Resources CAHRS WP05-16 within the MNC. Drawing on Szulanskis (1996) concept of stickiness, they note that the exchanges are made more difficult by the lack of absorptive potentiality of the recipient, causal ambiguity, and an arduous relationship in the midst of the source and the recipient (Szulanski, 1996 36).Yet, atomic research exists discussing how familiar stickiness can be overcome in baseball club to maximize the benefi ts of a global workforce while overcoming the challenges of consolidation and coordination. Managing Global HR Functions Placing people as the source of sustainable competitive advantage stir ups us to the dilemma of how best to manage their sustain, skills, and abilities. Within the RBV literature, issues of resource heterogeneity and immobility underlie the inevitable tension between local responsiveness and global integrating in MNCs (cf. Bae & Lawler, 2000 Brewster, 1999 Fey & Bjorkman, 2001 Sparrow, Schuler & Jackson, 1994). Local responsiveness and the value derived from customization implies variationi. e. , heterogeneitywithin the MNC. Global efficiency, on the other hand, requires integrating across business units. However, given the assumption of resource immobility, this desegregation is not always easy to achieve. Schuler et al. (1993) captured the essence of these tradeoffs by highlighting the relationships between internal operations and interunit linkages.From the standpoint of internal operations, each overseas affiliate must operate as efficaciously as possible relative to the competitive strategy of the MNC. This means that these affiliates can offer advantages to the MNC by recognizing and instruction HR practices that are appropriate for their local markets, employment laws, cultural traditions, and the like. While internal operations at the local level are important, the MNC must also establish interunit linkages to gain efficiencies of surmount and scope across several different countries.This suggests that while overseas affiliates can generate advantages locally, there are also substantial advantages that can be gained globally with integrated HR practices. Each is important, only each carries with it a different set of organizational requirements. These requirements point directly to issues relevant for HRM. Page 7 International humanity Resources CAHRS WP05-16 Extending these ideas, Taylor, Beechler, and Napier (1996) d escribe how MNCs efficacy develop a more integrative approach to HRM. The objective of this strategy is to donation best practices from all parts of the firm (not just unified) to create a worldwide system.While there are allowances for local differentiation, the focus is on substantial global integration. Differentiation provides both the potential for local response and customization, as well as the innovation of ideas and practices needed for innovation at the global level. However, integration through coordination, communication, and learning is not always easily achieved in this context. Ironically, the very characteristics that provide resource-based advantage at the local level actually complicate integration at the global level.The ability of firms to gain efficiencies of scope and scale at a global level is made more difficult by resource heterogeneity, and this challenge is exacerbated by resource immobility. The challenge then for the planetary firm is to identify h ow firms can write variety (and local customization) while at the same time establishing a installation for integration and efficiency. As menti whizd by McWilliams et al. (2001) very a few(prenominal) scholars have addressed the stickiness issue involved in balancing the global and local tension. Taylor et al. 1996) allude to such integration difficulties when they note The reason firms move toward an exportive rather than an integrative SIHRM orientationis that the mechanism to identify and transfer the best HRM practices in their overseas affiliates are not in place. Such mechanisms as having regional or global meetings of affiliate HR directors, transferring HRM materials (e. g. , performance appraisal forms to affiliates) or posting of the HR director of the affiliates to the HQs of the firm were not developed (p. 972). These same potentiality issues are raised by McWilliams et al. 2001) when they discuss the major causes of internal stickiness being lack of absorptive ca pacity, causal ambiguity, and arduous relationships between the source and recipient. In both examples, barriers to global practice integration are raised and discussed, but not resolved. This issue is addressed more to the full below. Page 8 International Human Resources IHM And Capabilities CAHRS WP05-16 Given the importanceand difficultyof integrating human resources at a global level, while preserving the ludicrousness and heterogeneity at the local level, it have the appearance _or_ semblances reasonable to discuss these issues in the context of competitive capabilities.Based on the association based view (KBV) of firms, that emphasizes the need to acquire and integrate acquaintance, we suggest two such capabilities (see Figure 1). First, intimacy integration force refers to a firms ability to transfer and coordinate human resources across affiliates in a way that utilizes economies of scale and scope while allowing and promoting responsiveness to the local environment. Second, knowledge earth capability refers to a firms ability to create new and potentially innovative practices at the local level.Figure 1 IHRM People, Practices, and Capabilities Focus Theories RBV Focus on individualist resources of knowledge, skills, and abilities RBV and Competencies Focus on combined resources of HR practices strategic Question Workforce What are the knowledge, skills, and abilities that are heterogeneous and immobile? HR Practices and Systems What are the HR practices and systems that are heterogeneous and immobile? Learning Capabilities How can HR practices and systems be created and integrated to preserve heterogeneity and immobility?Sources McWilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001 People Practices Taylor, Beechler, & Napier, 1996 KBV and organisational Capabilities Capabilities Focus on learning processes and capabilities Chadwick & Cappelli, 1999 acquaintance Integration Capability Ironically, while learning capability is one of the key dimensions of the Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) framework of transnational organizations, most IHRM researchers have made nevertheless passing mention of how firms share and integrate best practice within the MNC.Snell, Youndt, and Wright (1996) argued that, particularly in dynamic environments, organizational learning may be the only way to go through that resources sustain their value and uniqueness over Page 9 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 time. In essence, the capability to integrate HR practices better than competitors may be a key source of sustainable competitive advantage (cf. , Kogut & Zander, 1992). In the sections below, we frame the key factors underlying knowledge integration capability in terms of organizational capital, complaisant capital, and human capital. organizational Capital. Youndt, Subramaniam, and Snell (2004) define organizational capital as the institutionalized knowledge and codified see to its residing within an organization. Artifacts of organizational c apital include an organizations reliance on manuals and databases to preserve knowledge, along with the establishment of structures, processes, and flakes that encourage repeated use of this knowledge (Hansen, Hohria, & Tierney, 1999). As an integration mechanism, organizational capital allows the firm to preserve knowledge as incoming employees replace those leaving.An example of such an artifact might be a lessons learned database to ensure that lessons learned by one group can be made accessible for all groups. Based on MNC research, in order to improve the integration of knowledge within an MNC relative to the speed of its diffusion or imitation by competitors, firms sit in ways to make knowledge explicit by encode its use and replicating it in rules and documentation (Kogut & Zander, 1993). Other forms of organizational capital are possible to represent detailed, comp all-wide routines on how new HR practices should be integrated by all affiliates.These routines may detail how practices should be shared to visit the variance and time it takes to implement each new approach, and thereby, improve the boilersuit efficiency of knowledge integration (March, 1991). Similarly, organizations typically implement information systems to provide affiliates with a common platform for HR processes and practices (Snell, Stueber & Lepak, 2002). These systems, processes, and routines ensure that (1) practices are utilize routinely through established data collection procedures and (2) practices are cursorily disseminated throughout the entire MNC with minimal costs (Daft & Weick, 1984).In terms of integration capability, then, organizational capital provides a basis for sharing and Page 10 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 institutionalizing knowledge across affiliates. However, it may work against efforts to preserve heterogeneity at the sub-unit level. societal Capital. hearty capitaldefined as the knowledge embedded within brotherly net profitsalso coquets a potentially valuable role in the integration capability of MNCs (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). For example, Szulanski (1995) found that one of the biggest obstacles to transfer knowledge in MNCs is the poor relationship between sources and recipients of information. on this line, Ghoshal and Bartlett (1989) empirically showed that knowledge sharing and integration could not pass away without the existence of strong brotherly connections. The importance of loving capital for integration capability is found in research by Kostova and Roth (2002), who concluded that successful practice adoption is largely dependent upon relationships based on deposit and shared identity. Trust provides the motive to interact with others, while shared identity provides an overlapping understanding of what is important to share. Both of these elements of social capital would seem vital for integration capability.And importantly, neither of them would de facto require the loss of local motor carnomy. Human Capital. While organizational and social capital are both potentially important resources underlying a firms integration capability, Teece (1977) argued that one of the principle obstacles to transfer and integration is lack of prior gravel and knowledge (i. e. , human capital). Research by Szulanski (1996) and Tsai (2002), for example, has shown that knowledge sharing and integration is facilitated when various(prenominal) parties have the absorptive capacity or prior set out to understand related ideas (Szulansk, 1996 Tsai, 2002).In the context of MNCs, Haas (2004) showed that groups with large amounts of international experience are more likely to integrate knowledge from other parts of the organization than those that do not. Similarly, Gregersen and Black (1992) found that not only is international experience important for integration, but when it is coupled with experience in corporate headquarters affiliates are more likely to maintain allegiance to the over all goals of the firm. These international and corporate skills and knowledge are often gained through transfers and rotational assignments that modify the HR function to develop a more complex Page 11International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 and global orientation. This provides them with the ability to more systematically manage the integration process (Kedia & Bhagat, 1988). Such forms of human capital can also correct any tendency of HR subunits to assume that the home in the host country is unique thus avoiding the not-invented-here syndrome. The upshot of this discussion s is that a firms integration capability likely depends on a combination of human, social, and organizational capital.Social and organizational capital are alternativeand potentially complementaryresources for knowledge and practice sharing. Human capital, in turn, is important for absorbing or acquiring that knowledge. As firms develop the capability to integrate existing practices they potentially can ac hieve economies of scale and scope through HRM. And when these integrative mechanisms preserve resource heterogeneity at a local level, it may gallop to a more quick response to a global environment and greater potential for competitive advantage.Figure 2 Capabilities Creative and Integrative Focus merchandise self-assertion Value Proposition Sources Integrative Capabilities Stable Market Resources must be combined and integrated to maintain an advantage Combining resources in ways that others cannot copy creates benefits arising from scarcity Taylor, Beechler, & Napier, 1996 McWilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001 Creative Capabilities Dynamic Market Resources must be reconfigured and created to maintain an advantage Developing new resources that competitors dont yet have creates benefits arising from innovationChadwick & Cappelli, 1999 Snell, Youndt, and Wright 1996 Page 12 International Human Resources intimacy Creation Capability CAHRS WP05-16 In the context of organizational learning and the KBV, it is important to distinguish knowledge integration capability from knowledge universe capability. Just because a firm is able to integrate practices across affiliates does not mean that it leave alone be able to create new practices as well (See Figure 2). Creation capabilities allow the MNC to develop new practices that lead to resource heterogeneity in the first place.While few HRM researchers have mentioned the importance of integration mechanisms, fewer still have discussed the importance of creation mechanisms that reform a firms stock of HR practices. This is in spite of the fact that as firms continually integrate practices, it is imperative that new practices are created and developed that allows for innovation and continuous improvement in a changing environment. Therefore, in global environments characterized by rapid change and increasing competition, passive concepts of heterogeneity may no longer be sufficient to let off (and sustain) a com petitive advantage.An ongoing debate in strategy is whether any static view of resources can really explain a competitive advantage that is sustainable over time (Lippman & Rumelt, 1982). For example, Grant (1996) argues that idiosyncratic advantages naturally erode over time. This debate is especially relevant in the global environment where what might create a competitive advantage at one point in time or in one location, may not at another point in time or location. Hence, it is vital that MNCs develop the capability to create and renew HR practices in order to maintain a competitive advantage.Ghoshal & Bartlett (1988) stated that MNCs create new products, practices, or systems locally, using specific mechanisms to respond to local circumstances. Creating local HR practices lies at the heart of an MNCs capability to be responsive to the unique and changing opportunities of different environments. Below, we discuss how human capital, social capital, and organizational capital mi ght influence the knowledge creation capability of new HR practices. (See Figure 3 for an overview of mechanisms that influence knowledge integration and creation capabilities).Page 13 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 Figure 3 Capabilities Human Capital, Social Capital, Organizational Capital Human Capital Social Capital Organizational Capital Creative Capability In-depth local experience International experience outside of corporate Broad internal net range Broad external network range Local Market Relationships Localized routines Creative processes and systems Norms of informality Overarching principles or guidelines Increasing Influence on Creative Capability Integrative CapabilityIncreasing Influence on Integrative Capability Absorptive capacity International and corporate experience Internal Social connections Shared perceptions and identity Internal Trust Company-wide rules and routines corporal culture of sharing Interactive technologies Data collection system Hu man Capital. The knowledge and experiencei. e. , human capitalof the people within the HR function is a key factor in new HR practice creationwhether of new practice ideas, or of improvements in the practices (Lepak & Snell, 1999).For example, HR functions possessing large amounts of local knowledge and experience should be able to effectively create practices on their own in response to the various, changing environments. This localise experience helps them to understand the needs of local clients and suppliers, which allows them to develop practices that are unique to each region or country, and hence, heterogeneous across the firm. Page 14 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 International experiences are also important for creating new HR practices.For example, because international experience is often highly valued in MNCs (e. g. , Mendenhall & Stahl, 2000), people with international skills and knowledge are more likely to be seen by others as being confident and willin g to share diverging opinions and advocate for their own position (Stasser, Stewart, & Wittenbaum, 1995). Moreover, Gregersen & Black (1992) showed that people with strong experience in many international settings and limited experience in corporate are more likely to make changes based on local demands rather than pressures from central parts of the firm.This is most likely due to the peoples array of international experiences that have detached them from an allegiance with the society as a whole. Social Capital. Specific aspects of social capital have been argued to play a role in knowledge creation. For example, while Hansen (2002) argued that social networks provide an important conduit for the sharing of knowledge, he also argued that such networks play a role in knowledge creation because they inform network members some the existence, location, and significance of new knowledge.Burt (1982) found that networks comprising a broader range of contacts will have a more heterogen eous base of information and knowledge to draw from. While such wide networks may not always facilitate a deep flow of knowledge, they offer different lineament points for HR members to make comparisons and explore new ideas. A firms ability to find new opportunities is likely to be a function of multiple local contacts. HR affiliates often have critical colligate with local vendors and, perhaps, competing HR groups that allow them to pursue local opportunities (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989 Hedlund, 1986).Birkinshaw (1997) refers to these as relationships within the local market. Within the local market an affiliate is likely to be embedded in different types of relationships (Ghoshal & Bartlett, 1990 Ghoshal & Nohria, 1989). McEvily and Zaheer (1999) argue that because each part of the MNC maintains different local patterns of network linkages, they are exposed to new knowledge, ideas, and opportunities. Organizational Capital. In many cases, organizational capital may actually parr y knowledge creation capability. The formalized processes, systems, structures, etc. ave a Page 15 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 tendency to reinforce existing routines and obviate against variation and change that engender creativity. However, in some instances, organizational capital may facilitate flexibility in the course of actions that allow a firm to attend to environmental cues. This is especially true when employees are encouraged to take action that supersede company-wide, standardized routines in favor of localized response that allows knowledge assimilation from the local environment (Daft & Weick, 1984).For example, parts of the firm may develop creative processes and systems to identify problems, develop hypotheses, communicate ideas to others, and contradict what would ordinarily be expected (Torrence, 1988). Grant (1996) argued that such creative routines and processes offer an in force(p) framework for people to create new, situation-specific practic es by utilizing local perspectives in developing practices for the firm.Though potentially problematic for the integrative capability, localized routines and creative processes help affiliates relate better with local vendors, clients, and competitors by providing a set of expectations and processes that encourage HR groups to turn to the surrounding environment. For example, an HR affiliate may have developed a simple manual or informal norm of what to do when developing a new practice. Such a routine is likely to leave many gaps in exact steps to follow, but provide an overview or value to help the HR group be innovative.This simple routine allows the local HR group to assimilate knowledge more quickly from its employees and develop practices to meet their needs. In summary, these aspects of human capital, social capital, and organizational capital help us identify how the knowledge integration and creation capabilities might occur within an MNC. Some of these forms of capital ar e more useful depending upon the capability it is supporting, and ironically, some of these mechanisms that influence integration might actually hinder knowledge creation and vice versa.For example, firms heavy in local knowledge and experiences and weak in international experiences might have a negative affect on a firms ability to integrate practices across the various parts of the firm. Such strong human capital is likely to promote the not-invented-here syndrome through the affiliates strong belief and experience base dealing exclusively with the local environment. Similarly, rigid forms of Page 16 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 organizational capital, in terms of standardized routines and shared electronic databases, might deter the various parts of HR to develop and create practices on their own.This could largely stem from the fact that so much structure and support for integration is in place that HR groups fail to find time to bring about new practices or adapt existing practices to the local environment. Implications For Research And surmisal The unique complexities and challenges approach by todays global firms present different implications for the RBV and its application to strategic IHRM. For example, because a large amount of the international management literature focuses on variances in cultural, geographical, and institutional pressures the implications for applying the RBV become more complex.As MNCs struggle to create and integrate their practices across borders, they are faced with unique challenges that either push for global efficiency or local responsiveness. These challenges open the discussion for ways to actually manage both the creation and integration of knowledge on a global scale. This means that the questions typically asked by strategic IHRM scholars (e. g. , HR practices and performance) should be augmented with questions of how HR practices are created and integrated in ways that lead toward resource heterogene ity and immobility.To create a sustainable competitive advantage firms must not only be able to respond to their local environments or standardize their practices across the firm. They must be able to balance a tension of practice heterogeneity through local practice creation and immobility of those practices through their integration across the firm. One theoretical implication of this discussion calls for a greater understanding of the rents found through the creation and integration of HR practices. As Chadwick and Dabu (2004) explain, a marriage of rent concepts with theories of the firm (i. e. RBV) is essential to describing firms competitive advantages and particularly in understanding how actors within firms can take conscious steps to toward a sustainable competitive advantage. The on-going strategic IHRM literature strongly alludes to the importance of integration and being able to Page 17 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 organize heterogeneous resources in a w ay that is difficult for competitors to imitate. The assumption here is that heterogeneity and immobility of resources creates greater performance or rents arising from scarcityRicardian rents (cf. , Carpenter, Sanders, Gregersen, 2001).In essence, Ricardian rents can be rooted in the cross-border integration of various HR practices. The integration of such practices not only assures that some of them will be unique to the firm, but that they will be difficult for others to imitatemaking them scarce in the market. The advantages that come from constant creation of HR practices operates under a different principle than traditional resources leading to Ricardian rents. Rather than rents arising from scarcity, the creation capability perspective emphasizes rents arising from market discontinuitiesSchumpeterian rents (cf. Carpenter et al. , 2001). Schumpeterian rents derive from a firms ability to exploit or leverage resources to address changing environments (Teece et al. , 1997 Amit & Schoemaker, 1993). Based on Schumpeterian rents, a focus on the continuous creation of resources can enable a firm to achieve competitive advantage on a sustainable basis by developing new practices that lead to practice heterogeneity across a complex and ambiguous global network. Hence, as mentioned by Lado and Wilson (1994) and Teece et al. 1997), turning to these dynamic capabilities as an extended approach to the RBV offers a closer understanding of the actual sources of competitive advantage in a changing global environment. While we discuss the main mechanisms driving knowledge creation and integration (Grant, 1996), aspects of integration tend to focus on a broad array of learning processes, including knowledge sharing, transfer, codification, adoption, and/or institutionalization. Further research should look at how different aspects of the integration process might be influenced by specific human, social, and organizational capital mechanisms.For example, Hansen and Haas ( 2001) showed that many firms have petty difficulty in sharing knowledge across various units of the firm, but that the actual application or institutionalization of this knowledge is a completely different matter. While other scholars such as Kogut and Zander (1992) and Schulz (2001) have theoretically free integration to include transfer and integration (or combination), very Page 18 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 little practical research has been done on what factors might influence the transfer and what factors might influence the integration of knowledge.Clearly, there must be differences since research such as Hansen and Haas (2001) notice the unlikeness in knowledge that is shared and knowledge that is actually applied. Also, while the ideas presented in this chapter are rooted in theory, empirical research is needed to subside the impact of human, social,, and organizational capital on knowledge creation and integration capabilities. While theory suggests th at aspects of all three of these factors will influence both capabilities, it is most probable that aspects of human capital will more strongly influence the creative capability.This is largely due to the fact that people and their knowledge and skills are what allows the different HR affiliates the ability to develop local practices on their own, without interference or supervision from regional or corporate headquarters. Similarly, social and organizational capital should have their strongest influences on the integrative capability. This is due, in part, to the conduits and repositories created from aspects of social capital and organizational capital, respectively.In fact, as we mentioned earlier, some aspects of organizational capital might have a negative effect on the firms ability to create new practices (knowledge), while some aspects of human capital may have a negative effect on the firms ability to integrate those practices across affiliates. Conclusion The purpose of th is chapter has been to summarize the literature on RBV and IHRM in multinational firms by addressing the ways in which resource heterogeneity and immobility provide potential advantages to MNCs.However, we have also attempted to extend the RBV in this context by addressing some of the primary challenges ofand capabilities needed to integrate resources across business units within the MNC. The solvent frequently used by firms has been to standardize HR practices and policies at a global level, but this solves the integration problem while destroying the advantages of local Page 19 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 variety. The challenge as we see it is identifying how firms can preserve variety (and local customization) while simultaneously establishing a foundation for integration and efficiency.The ability for HR managers to balance this tension lies in the development of capabilities to create and integrate practices across the global HR function. We extended traditiona l views of RBV to include aspects of practice integration and creation. Such capabilities allow firms to constantly renew their HR practices in a way that allows them to respond to multiple external pressures while being coordinated and integrated to ensure that these practices drive the firms sustainable competitive advantage. 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