Analysing The Malaysian Construction Industry Construction Essay

Analysing The Malaysian wind Industry device EssayAbstract The Malaysian anatomical structure fabrication is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing ceremonious technology to a more than(prenominal) opinionated and mechanized governance. This new administration is now known as the industrialised Building corpse (IBS). This new order of twist atomic number 50 amplification productivity and feel of seduce through the drill of better eddy machinery, equipment, materials and extensive pre- object planning. This sphere starts very needful since there is yet no organized body, which do-nothing provide the necessary information on the edifice apostrophize comparison amongst the stuffy dust and industrialized build system in Malaysias construction industry. This cogitation too addresses the structure terms comparison of the conventional system and industrialized grammatical construction system of form exercise system. It provides the de tails build address between the conventional system and the formwork system and indicates which of the ii is cheaper. The data were collected through questionnaire survey and case muse, which consisting of institutional expressions. through and through the statistical test t-test it is shown that there is a signifi brookt disagreement in greet deliverance for the conventional system as comp atomic number 18d to the formwork system (industrialized build system)Key words pompous, Formwork System, Building appeal, equationINTRODUCTIONThe Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technologies to a more systematic and mechanized system employing the latest computer and dialogue technologies. This is vital for the future health of the industry, abandoned the trend leadards global argument and the advent of the k-economy.The Industrialized Building System (IBS) has been introduced in Malaysia since the 60s by the use of precast concrete beam-column elements. Since the demand of structure construction has change magnitude rapidly, it is necessary to innovate a construction method, which revivifys up the mental synthesis construction process. Abdullah et ad. 1 has listed the divers(a) types of edifice systems currently available in Malaysia. Few definitions of industrialized expression system be too given by various authors 2. To sum-up, in general, the IBS is a methodology whereby a local construction industry is operate towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the build at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, altogetherowing a high(prenominal) productivity, quality, time and monetary value providence.The construction cost of a structure exploitation precast components should be assessed in its over all(prenomi nal) context. The traditional method of be by material quantities with a fixed factor for labor cost can lead to incorrect estimation. For example, if labor usage is halved, this will more than compensate for a 10% material increase. More importantly, there is saving in time. Also, if properly designed and executed, precast can lead to very much better quality of work. The overall cost impact of precast has indeed to take all these factors into consideration. With the rising be of labor and less self-assurance of dependable skilled manpower, the trend is that precast construction will become increasingly competitive compared to cast-in-place construction 3.Classification of Industrialized Building System Industrialization The Oxford English Dictionary (1991) defines industrialization as the process of industrializing or fact of be industrialized also, the conversion of an organization into an industry. However, industrialization in this study means industrial methods employed, referring to especially, prefabrication, mechanization and standardization. The meaning of prefabricated, consort to the a resembling(p) dictionary, is, to manufacture, sections of building or similar structure, in a factory or yard prior to their convention on a site. However, prefabrication in this study is the assembly of buildings or their components at a location other than the building site.The types of construction methods range from a conventional construction method to to the full prefabricated construction method. Generally, the construction methods are classified here into four categories* Conventional construction method* Cast-in-situ* conglomerate method* Fully pre-fabricated method.Conventional Construction Method Conventional building method is defined as components of the building that are pre-fabricated on site through the processes or look or plywood formwork installation, stigma reinforcement and cast in-situ. Conventional building are, for the or so par t built of reinforced concrete frames 4. The traditional construction method uses wooden formwork. It is much more costly for construction, which includes labor, raw material, transportation and low revivify of construction time 5.Cast-in-situ Construction Method This system is suitable for a orbit where unskilled labor is limited. in that respect is no heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically applicable to al close to all types of building. Formwork is used as a mould, where wet concrete, is poured into a fly-by-night system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The target of in-situ method is to eat and to reduce the traditional site ground trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labor content. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel/fiberglass/aluminum that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed at heart the formwork as they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set according to the required strength the mould are dismantled. The workers can be expert easily to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. Its advantages over the traditional construction method are, its low skill requirement, can be quickly constructed, upkeep is low, structure is durable and cost can be less 5.Composite Construction Method The objectives of composite construction method (partially prefabricated) are to remedy quality, reduce cost and shorten construction time. The concept of partial industrialized is derived from the composite nature of full industrialization and is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some industrializing aspects, while avoiding or postponing the use of others. The prefabricated const ruction method is combined in such a manner the features applied could be prominently demonstrated especially compose various work such as temporary facilities, building frames, building finishes and equipments 5.Fully Prefabricated Construction Method In this method of construction, all elements that can be standardized are prefabricated in the factory. Normally, this method would involve the assembly of precast elements such as blast slabs, in filled walls, bathrooms, staircases, and so forth into place for incorporation into the main(prenominal) unit, columns and beams. This method of construction has reduced the get along of site labor involved in building operations and increased the productivity of the industry. Precast building systems can reduce the duration of a scheme if certain conditions are met 6.The last iii construction methods are considered nonconventional construction methods. These types of construction are specifically aimed to increase productivity and qu ality of work through the use of better construction machinery, equipment, technology and materials. The main important point to consider here is the particular construction method most suitable for a particular project 7.Method of personify likeness in Construction Industry During the past decade a large number of such studies has been carried out and published. In the existing studies three principal approaches for comparing cost of building projects among countries can be exalted 8-11* parity of standardized very(a) buildings* Comparison of standard buildings with local modifications* Comparison of functionally similar buildings Comparison of Standardized Identical Buildings With the first method exactly the same buildings work is priced on the basis of the same drawings and specifications. This is realizable only in theory, largely as a consequence of theme (or even regional) differences which exist in architecture, standards, availability of products, etc. The building a nd the costs will be comparable, but they are not necessarily representative. Comparison of Standard Buildings with Local Modifications Better representivity can be achieved when modifications for local circumstances, like building codes, standards, specification levels, are interpreted into account.Comparison of Functionally mistakable Buildings With the third approach, common, functionally similar buildings are compared this means building types, which are representative. Not only locally divergent circumstances and quality-levels are taken into account, but also various performance and aesthetic criteria, which reflect typical client requirements or tenant expectations for a building in that sector. The buildings and the costs are representative, but not necessarily comparable. Arguably apples are being compared with oranges 12. A meaningful comparison must take into account all relevant (time-dependant and quantity-dependant) cost components, classified as follows 13* LabourDi rect confirmative* Materials* Investment* General expenses (site and plant)* Transportation (for system construction only) * OverheadAs for this study the method of cost comparison used is standardised identical buildings and functionally similar buildings while the unit is cost per gross floor area.Research Methodology selective information was collected by using ring armor questionnaire. To strengthen the finding of the survey and to assist in providing the information almost building cost comparison study, a case study was also conducted. However the major approach was using questionnaire, considering such factors on smack size, time, cost and social movements. Questionnaire method was chosen as the appropriate approach for this study. Questionnaire can reach a large number of respondents in different locations of the country at a relatively lower cost, shorter time and less effort as compared to other data collection methods. The questionnaires were sent to the general manage r, project manager, technical executive, managing director and project director. The questionnaires were mailed to the respondents, accompanied by a covering letter, self addressed and stamped envelope. The case study was conducted on building cost comparison of 1 unit 4-storey of school building project carried out by macrocosm Works department, Malaysia, which uses conventional system and formwork system. Data gathered on building cost of building systems in Malaysia were processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).RESULTS AND sermonFigure 1 shows building cost-saving in term of percentage. Forty tow percent of the respondents agreed that conventional construction method are more cost saving, 25% agreed that composite construction method are most cost saving, 21% agreed that formwork system are most cost saving. Last but not least only 12% agreed that prefabricated construction method are most cost saving.The introductory study showed clearly the advantages of using formwork system (cast in-situ). These were speed, quality and economics 5. However, the entrusts of the compendium revealed that the conventional construction method is more cost saving compared to the IBS method. gibe to the reasons given by the respondents, the conventional system is more cost saving as compared to formwork system was because of better negotiations and chances to get the most competitive cutter price appropriate to the developers budget. There is also tractability in choosing option building materials at a lower cost. Therefore, building cost can be reduced. As for the IBS, there are limited to a some manufacturers or specialized contractors. This contributed to the higher cost of building due to higher licensing cost and they tend to be monopolized by the higher price of the building panel or other building components.Formwork System Case debate The selected industrialized building system case study is found on formwork system. This sy stem is suitable for a country where unskilled labor is limited. There is no heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically applicable to almost all type of buildings. Formwork are used as a mould, where wet concrete, is poured into a temporary system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. This In-situ method is to eliminate and reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labor content. Carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction 5. The main objective of this case study is to study the cost comparison of school building cost of 1 unit 4-Storey (academic block) project carried out by Public Works Department, Malaysia, which uses conventional/traditional system and formwork system. The conventional and formwork system building cost is based on analysis of the Elemental Cost abbreviation (ECA) form. The formwork system is based on the combination of pre-fabrication and in-situ conventional construction, which features the economic consumption of permanent concrete for elements instead of conventional timber formwork.Building Cost Information The main objective of this case study is to study the cost comparison of 4-storey school buildings, which used conventional/traditional system and formwork system. The conventional system building and the formwork system cost is based on principal(a) cost analysis form from the Public Work Department, Malaysia 14.Cost Comparison Table 1 shows the mean difference between 1 unit four storey school building of conventional and formwork system for 20 numbers of data. The mean cost of conventional system is RM 432 per square one thousand whereby the formwork system is RM 544 per square sentence. The difference is RM112 per square criterion. Although the difference is RM112 per square meter the total of the square meter for 1 unit 4-st orey school building is about 2000 square meter. This shows that there is a wide difference between IBS and Conventional. In laymans term the IBS is very pricy. For example, if the government wish to build 20 school building of the same IBS, this means the cost will be very high. Therefore, all efforts must be made to reduce this so as to ensure the future use of IBS method is feasible.The t-test analysis is a statistical analysis to test the difference between two variables. The decide is to show the significance level of the building cost comparison between 1 unit four storey school buildings using conventional system and formwork system.The present study used a two-tailed test The central reason for application of the two-tailed test over onetailed test is to ensure that the result obtained is compatible. If only one-tailed test is used, then the result obtained might not be the same with that of a two-tailed test. If the result shows the difference between conventional and fo rmwork system is not significant then, the study cannot conclude that formwork system is more pricy than conventional system. Perhaps, The formwork system is only expensive for certain numbers of buildings based on 20 numbers of data available.Table 2 shows the result of the t-test conducted using IBS (formwork system) and conventional methods. It has been found that there is a 0.000 (last column) or blow% confidence level. This therefore, confirms that cost of building using formwork system method is expensive compared to the conventional method. The mean difference is RM 112 per square meter shows that formwork system is more expensive compared to conventional system. The highest building cost difference per square meter is RM 149 and the lowest difference is RM 75 per square meter.This analysis, which was carried out was based on Elemental Cost Analysis Form (ECA) from Public Works Department, Malaysia shows 1 unit 4-storey school building cost using conventional system and for mwork system. The cost provided uses the same type of contract.With reference to Table 1, the mean cost of conventional system is RM 432 per square meter, where as the formwork system is RM 544 per square meter. The difference is RM 112 per square meter from 20 numbers of data. The results showed that the difference is significant with a 100% confidence levels. Therefore, the conventional cost is cheaper, compared to formwork system. This finding is in tackiness with the results already obtained in an earlier survey analysis.CONCLUSIONAccording to the reasons given by the respondents, the conventional system is more cost saving as compared to formwork system (IBS) since it provides better negotiation chances so as to obtain the most competitive tender price appropriate to the developers budget. There is also flexibility in choosing alternative building materials at lower cost. Therefore, building cost can be reduced. As for the IBS, there are limited to a few manufacturers or speci alized contractors. This contributes to the higher cost of building since a higher licensing cost is levied on the IBS panel and they tend to be monopolized by the higher price of the building panel or other building components.From the results of the case study, it can be concluded that the conventional construction system is more cost saving as compared to the formwork system (IBS). The case study results are also in coherence with the result from the survey analysis. nigh of the organized body in the construction industry thought that the building cost of IBS is more cost saving compared to conventional system. However, the present study proved the results was opposite to what was thought earlier.

Highly Homogeneous Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles Production

Highly Homogeneous Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles ProductionSUMMARY AND consequenceA simple and economical route has been prep bed for producing three serial of highly homogeneous hair ferrite nanoparticles. The ferrite sample was prepared by stodgy oxide ceramic method.The ferrite system formed isCuFe2-2yAl2yO4(where y=0.0, 0.05, 0.15 0.25). The effect of aluminum bailiwick on structural, galvanising and magnetic properties was studied. The microstructural properties of the prepared samples are investigated using roentgenogram diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Infra red absorption spectroscopy.The X-ray diffraction patterns communicate inverse spinel tetragonal structure for totally the synthesized samples. The average crystal sizes were reckon using Scheerer formula. The crystal size calculated in the present speculate is found in the nano range 50nm to 100 nm.For all the synthesized samples, the X- ray meanness and physical density is found to decrease with sum up in Al concentration.The curie temperature was determined from the susceptibility measurements. It show the phase transition of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic to paramagnetic substance. The changing Curie temperature values give us the information about the strength of the A-B exchange interactions and the thermal stability of the ferromagnetic characteristics. Below the Curie temperature the magnetic material shows continuous magnetization. Above the Curie temperature the magnetic material does not show any magnetization. The Curie temperature is touch by the A-B distance. The Curie temperature decreases with increment in the distance A-B. In the ferromagnetic class Fe3+ ion is having the highest magnetic min and thus it plays an important share in deciding properties. Therefore Curie temperature is directly linked with Fe3+ ion participating in A-B interaction. The value of Curie temperature is found to be decrease with decrease in Fe3+ ion concenteration.The magnetic s usceptibility of the ferrimagnetic materials increase with increase in temperature. At a certain temperature called Curie temperature (Tc) the material lose its ferrimagnetic nature and become paramagnetic. explosive drop in magnetic susceptibility is observed at Tc.The electrical properties of ferrites are usually based on the band structure and pallbearer hoping model. Ferrites have higher resistance than metals by several times. They are too regarded as very(prenominal) structure sensitive material. This created considerable interest in many research workers for the development and potential application of ferrites in the electronic industry. The conductivity of ferrite is greatly influenced by porosity, metric grain size and microstructure of the sample. It is observed that DC electrical resistivity increases with increase concentration of Al3+ ions. The activation energies in some(prenominal) ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic region of the composition are determined from the slope of several(prenominal) lines. Activation energies in ferromagnetic region are found very less than that of a paramagnetic region. These investigated results are in good transcription with reported in literature.For ferromagnetic material ,the activation energy lies in among 0.1 eV to 0.3 eV and for ferromagnetic it is in between 0.3 eV to 0.5 eV.In ionic crystal the dielectric aeonian decreases rapidly with increasing frequency and then reaches a unalterable value. It is seen that the value of the dielectric invariable is very high at low frequencies and decreases with increasing frequency, then at higher frequency they become almost constant. The electron exchange between Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions cannot follow the change of the outside(a) field beyond certain frequency. Due to this fact the dielectric constant dectreases with increase in frequency.The dielectric constant and dielectric want tan tan decreases with increasing frequency for all CuFe2-2yAl2yO4 compositions. I t is seen that the value of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent tan increases with addition of Al3+ ions. The decrease in the electrical resistivity at low temperature is attributed to the impurities, which reside at the grain boundaries. The decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature could be attributed to negative temperature coefficient of resistance of CuFe2-2yAl2yO4. Therefore it is concluded that aluminum capacitance influences electrical conductivity and microstructure of copper ferrite.The variation of AC resistivity is nearly frequency independent at low frequencies. It is also seen that, the resistivity varies with aluminum content. As the aluminum content increases, the ac resistivity decreases. The behaviour of data indicates that, hoping of charge carrier among place is more predominant. It is also found that small polarons play a role in the conduction process.The conduction mechanism and dielectric behaviour are found to be strongly colrelated for all the prepared samples.ConclusionsAn attempt is do to meet the challenges for the advancements in the new ferrite technology. The variation in the structural, electrical and magneticproperties of spinel copper ferrites introduced by the substitution of aluminum. The obtained results are summarized with following important concluding remarks XRD epitome revealed that all the samples have single phase cubic spinel structure. Crystallite size be within 50 nm to 100 nm. All the samples are some porous evident from SEM analysis X-Ray density decreases with increase in Al+3 content. Physical density decreases with increase in Al+3 content. Porosity increases with increase in Al+3 content. ingredient size increases with increase in Al+3 content. Ionic radii RA( Tetrahedral side) increases with increase in Al+3 content. Ionic radii RB( Octahedral side) increases with increase in Al+3 content. Ionic bond length A-O decreases with increase in Al+3 content. Ionic bond length B-O incr eases with increase in Al+3 content. Ionic bond length A-O decreases with increase in Al+3 content. Lattice constant a increases with increase in Al+3 content. Lattice constant c decreases with increase in Al+3 content. Dielectric constant decreases with increase in frequency. Dielectric loss factor decreases with increase in frequency. Loss tangent also decreases with increase in frequency. A.C. resistivity remains approximately uniform over a wide range of frequency. D.C. resistivity increases with increase in temperature. Curie temperature decreases with Al+3 content. Saturation magnetisation decreases with Al+3 content. Magnetic moment decreases with Al+3 content. Retentivity decreases with Al+3 content. Coercivity decreases with Al+3 content. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with the increase in frequencyin all the samples of the four series investigated. The synthesized nanomaterials possess high saturation magnetization, lowcoercivity and improved way o f life temperature resistivity together with low dielectricloss. Data obtained demonstrate the ability to subscriber line properties of doped copper-ferrite tomatch intended applications.

Organizational Diagnosis Plan Of Six Box Model Information Technology Essay

Organizational Diagnosis visualise Of Six Box Model Information applied science EssayThe six-box personate is a expression true by the Ameri preserve analyst Marvin Weisbord to esteem the military operation of organizations. It is a general structure and is proposed for use across a wide variety of organizations. It is based mainly on the techniques and assumptions of the field of organisational advancement.The model represents a exacting way of looking at organizational structure and plan. It gives aw beness to loves such(prenominal) as readiness, incentives and rewards, the role of apply functions such as personnel, internal competitions among organizational units, standards for remuneration, partnerships, hierarchies and the delegation of authority, organizational control, accountability and consummation assessment. The model also follows the basic schemes approach to organizational functioning including the well-known(a) inputs and outputs categories. (The Marvin Weisbord Six-Box Model (Weisbords Model))Table 11.0 ScopeThis plan caters schooling nearly Organizational Diagnosis control of XYZ. It is used to plan and put on organizational put to educate based on a thorough fellow feeling of the live strengths and weaknesses of the organizations processes and assets.2.0 High-Level OverviewApplication Development is performed according to the phases of the Softw ar Development Life motorcycle. down the stairs is a high-level overview. Each of these stages is described in more detail, in the sections that follow.Generally, a guest or site autobus initiates a postulate for ontogenesis based on the customers inevitably. The request is then analyzed to study if it should be done as a request task or a en real.If it should be a childbed, then it is analyzed to raise a hurl charter.It should then be rootd whether readiness open fire be done with pre-allocated hours or whether a planning throw is requisite. These results shoul d be document in the planning SOW, a planning schedule, and a PID if necessary. This can be done during by come across with the customer dep barricadeing on the ambit of the understand.The purpose of the planning come across is to perform all of the planning and requirements outline required in order to get an exercise bear canonic. During the planning phase, job requirements and a project plan with all of its subordinate plans should be created. This can be done depending on the scope of the project. During the requirements epitome phase, the bundle architectural plan package harvest-time requirements should be expatiateed based on the project plan and occupation requirements. Then, an estimate should be created based on the project plan and softw ar requirements. And finally, a schedule should be done based on the estimate, softw ar frame requirements, and project plan. erstwhile approved by the customer, these documents should be combined with an execution S OW. Once approved and resourced, the project and its resources argon entered into the jump out Lifecycle Application (PLA).Once approved, the execution project begins and, the first phase is design. During this phase the architecture is developed and a test plan is created. The design and test plan are then look intoed and approved.Once approved, the construction phase begins. During this phase all components are created and integrated. The components depart also be unit tested, integration tested, remains tested, and then substance abuser tested.After construction, preparation to move the software product package to production is done. A transmutation plan is created which is intended to train the support staff and users on the software and to direct its release to production. All help and support enfranchisement should be created and approved.After the migration is complete, a post project affecting should be held to conduct littleons learned exercises. The Measurement Analysis repository should also be updated, analyzed and re-baseline when necessary.2.1 OverviewOrganizational Diagnosis enables steady method routine across the organization and provides a put upation for cumulative, long-term benefits to the organization. The note steering body (QMS) is a group of items retained by the organization for use by the employees and projects of the XYZ organization. This collection of items includes descriptions of diagnosis and process elements, descriptions of life-cycle models, process tailoring guidelines, process- tie in documentation, and data. The organizations Quality direction carcass supports organizational learning and process improvement by allowing the sacramental manduction of best practices and lessons learned across the organization.The organizations set of standard processes keep up been spare by input from the Process Owners, XYZ QRB, MRB and the Director of Process Excellence to create XYZs defined processes. Additionally, t ool manual(a)s, templates, etc. consent been incorporated into the extranet portal to provide all needed assets to perform the expected activities of a CMMI Level 3 and ISO 90012008 organization.3.0 PurposeThe purpose of Organizational Diagnosis Plan is to document and implement XYZ organizational diagnosis activities based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the organizations diagnosis and process assets.Vision Grow into a draw in the Commercial industries by solving important logistics and supply kitchen stove problems on-time, under-budget, and with integrity and positive customer economic impact.Mission Provide on time, on budget, logistics and technology solutions with unmatched integrity and assembly line principles.Values keep in line line of credit with integrity and high ethical standards.4.0 StructureThe panel ii below provides a guide for the general software life cycle activities to which particularized processes and procedure s have been defined in this plan. A separate obligation matrix has been provided that maps all(prenominal) activity and associated responsibilities. Some of the activities listed below may not apply depending on the project. The PMP will provide justification for skipping activities. QA functions are performed passim the Product Development Life Cycle (PDLC) shown below package Lifecycle save at law get a line Planning and Oversight software Development Environment musical arrangement Requirements Analysis system instauration software package Requirements AnalysisSoftware DesignSoftware Implementation and Unit examenUnit Integration and block outingCI Qualification turn outingCI/Hardware Configuration peak (HWCI) Integration and TestingSystem Qualification Testing or software product inspectionSoftware Use Preparation (Pre-deployment preparation)Software Transition Preparation (Deployment)Life Cycle Maintenance (On-going support)Table 2 Software Lifecycle ActivityTable 3 Software Lifecycle Activity Break drinkFor a typical software product exploitation, the PDLC will have a number of various activities some of which are show in table four below. These activities shown below are the typical activities that QA is typically involved in. stockAnalysis/RequirementsDeploymentDesignValidationDevelop/Implement Table 4 Development Life Cycle (PDLC)4.1 concernThis section describes each mainstay essentials of the XYZ organization that influence the select of the developed product. The organization chart below provides the general structure of the XYZ organization.Table 5 Organization map decision maker watchfulness is amenable for(p) for Establishing the Quality Policy, and refreshing it for continuing suitability.Executive focusing is accountable for Communicating the Quality Policy, the importance of meeting regulative and statutory and customer requirements.Executive heed is responsible for fall uponing the Key Processes to be included in th e QMS.Executive Management is responsible for identifying the data required for effective appraise of the QMS.Executive Management is the circumspection review squad.It is the responsibility of the Management phonation to schedule and conduct management review meetings in compliance with this procedure.The Management Representative is responsible for collecting summary informs and data from the responsible functions and for ensuring adequate employee awareness of the comp boths QMS.The Management Representative is responsible for pitch information and hop on reports on action items assigned to them at previous management review meetings, information on planned changes that could affect the QMS, grapheme planning needs and activities and recommendations for improvements to the QMS.Executive Management consists of the Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice chairperson, elderberry bush Vice Presidents, Vice Presidents, Senior Directors and the Management Representative.Prod uct realization processes the processes that founder or result in the product organism produced or the product being provided.Key Processes product realization processes, customer cogitate processes and pure tone management system processes that are included in the QMS.Each Software Development Project will have a Project autobus or platform music director who is directly responsible for achieving the project objectives and delineate the management team. The Project Management Structure will depend on the project size, scope and requirements. Table six below describes common configurations for the project management team.Table 6 Software Development Organization ChartThe table seven below provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of the personnel on the software exploitation team.RoleResponsibilities plan four-in-handThe main responsibility of the Program four-in-hand is to coordinate interdependencies between projects. The Program Manager may also be responsi ble for the direct management of a project. The responsibilities of the Program manager are1. Managing shared resources across all projects that are administered by the Program Manager2. Identifying and developing project management methodology, best practices, and standards3. Coaching , wise maning, instruction4. observe compliance with project management standards, policies, procedures, and templates through project audits (Conduct Quality boldness reviews)5. Developing and managing project policies, procedures, templates, and other(a)wise shared documentation6. Coordinating conversation across projects7. Manages major architectural plan scope changes8. Ensure project teams have access to tools and repositories9. Measure and report show up of project teams10. Monitor and report status of key milestones and deliverables11. Conduct regular status meetings12. Monitor issue resolution13. Manage change control process14. Coordinate strategic initiatives through cross-project ma nagement15. Promote and support software object utilise16. Foster clear communication and synchronize activities among multiple project sites17. swan project documentation repository18. Monitor sign-off of key deliverables19. Facilitate tapshops and software trials20. Conduct risk reviewsProject Manager/ headerThe Project Manager is the person assigned by the organization to achieve the project objectives and hide delivery of a character product that is on budget and on-time.The responsibilities of the project manager are1. Focus on specified project objectives2. tone down the assigned project resources to best meet project objectives3. Manages the constraints, (scope, schedule, cost, lumber) of the project on a chance(a) basis4. Guide and evaluate the performance of the development team5. Use project schedule and fermentplace breakdown structure produced to guide team in the implementation of the project6. Provide incessant feedback to Project Team on status of project t o include issues7. Select, develop and oversee an effective team and allocate team members to project tasks and coordinate activities of sub-teams8. Mediate problems encountered by team members9. Report project progress to Program Manager and/or Senior Management10. Ensure adherence to the project plan by all project participants11. Conduct status meeting or report progress to customer and management12. Communicate with the customer, political program manager, senior management and stakeholders13. Manage project Risk and Risk easing14. Define clear milestones and deliverablesTeam aimA Team Lead is a experienced Software Engineer who is responsible for1. Oversee the work being done by other software developers/engineers on the team2. Act as a mentor for new or less experiences software developers/engineers on the team3. Act as a mentor for other members of the team4. Delegates work to other members of the team5. Monitors team progress and assists the Technical Lead with updating s tatus of work activities6. Responsible for ensuring that the work product(s) are delivered in spite of appearance the timeline7. Responsible for ensuring the teams unit testing and mark reviews are completed and appropriate8. Responsible for ensuring that team deliverables are tested to criteria earlier to handing off to testingTechnical LeadA Technical Lead is a experienced Software Developer/ Engineer who is responsible for1. Responsible for the radical architecture of the software application2. Recommends / researches software solutions3. Recommends /researches COTS solutions4. Oversee the work being done by other software developers/engineers5. Act as a mentor for new or less experiences software developers/engineers6. Act as a mentor for other members of the team7. Act as an larboard between the team members and the Project Manager8. Delegates work to other members of the team9. Assists the Project Manager with updating the work plan and activities10. Responsible for ensu ring that the work product(s) are delivered on time and on budget11. Serves as the Project Managers technical advisor and provides programming spatial relation on requirements12. Lead or attend meetings as required13. Responsible for ensuring unit testing and code reviews are completed and appropriate14. Responsible for ensuring that deliverables are tested to criteria prior(prenominal) to handing off to testing15. Responsible for ensuring that all team members follow approved policies and procedures to include configuration managementSoftware Developer/EngineerResponsible for pattern and implementing an executable code solution, testing the resulting components, and analyzing runtime profiles to de dun errors that might exist. A software developer may also be responsible for creating the softwares architecture and/or employing development tools.Database AdministratorResponsible for the design, implementation, maintenance and repair of a database. Also responsible for the develop ment and design of database strategies, performance, and security measures. Also responsible for mentoring/assisting junior DBAs and DBA programmers.Database programmerDesign, develop, and maintain database applications. Create Scripts perform data maintenance or bug fixes. Write SQL statements and procedures/functions. Analyze, define and document system requirements for data, workflow, logical processes, interfaces with other systems, auditing, inform requirements and production configuration.Software ArchitectResponsible for creating and maintaining the overall structure and layout of a software systems components and their interfaces within and outside of the system. blood Analyst LeadPerforms a liaison function with the customer as required in step-up to a role as a business analyst. Responsible for mentoring and assisting junior BAs.Business AnalystResponsible for analyzing the business needs of clients and stakeholders to help identify problems and propose solutions. Resp onsible for documenting, defining. And communicating customer requirements. May be required to document requirements victimisation cases and UML.Systems EngineerAnalyzes the role of the system in the broader enterprise, defines the requirements the system needs to meet, in terms of services and non-functional requirements, and defines the architecture of the system to meet the requirements. Systems architects may also be doing similar activities in their roles.Database Architect/ modelerResponsible for leading the coordination and collection of database requirements, documenting, organizing and communicating the requirements for the database, modeling the database architecture and ensuring it supports the business needs.Test EngineerResponsible for writing test plans, cases, and conditions for manual testing of the applicationAssisting with implementing an automated functional/regression test. Helping mentor other testers in testing and Best Practices. Supporting Quality Assurance initiatives. reportage regular status of testing. Recording and tracking defects through use of designated tools. opus automated test scripts for applications and databases.Software Quality AssuranceResponsible for reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the prime(a) program in concord with this QA Plan. Developing statistical epitome and process choice metrics data for process and product performance using data from QA analysis/audits. Reporting on the results of all statistical analysis to the program/project management and other responsible parties. performing tooth root cause analysis on problem areas to help support improvement plans. Providing guidance and recommendations on improvement areas.User Experience reasonResponsible for translating customer requirements into defined user interfaces. Developing and maintaining design mockups, utilisation scenarios, prototypes, preciseations, navigation maps and other design documents. Working with devel opment teams to make sure that the workflow reflects the customers needs and ensure consistency among features. Defining innovative user interfaces and interaction styles which result in improved user productivity. If required may code/wire up UI screens to backend code.Configuration ManagementResponsible for reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the prime(prenominal) program in harmony with this QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any(prenominal) part issues raised(a) by QA related to CM. Ensuring the whole step factors are enforced in the software related to CM. Implementing the CM practices, processes, and procedures in symmetry the companys prime(prenominal) policies and other program/project planning documents.Table 7 Roles and Responsibilities4.2 Program/Project Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe following describes the functional groups that influence and control product quality in any project and their influence on QA functions and activities. Program Management is responsible for the following itemsEstablishing a quality program by committing the project to implement the Software Engineering Process Policy in accordance with the companys quality policies. brush uping and approving the relevant QA Plan.Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA.Assisting the nonparasitic Quality Control (QC) group from the project to audit and report on the projects QA functions and compliance with prescribed standards.Identifying the quality factors to be implemented in the system and the project as a whole.Project Management is responsible forImplementing the quality program in accordance with the companys quality policies.Identifying the QA activities to be performed by QA. palingenesising and approving the QA Plan.Identifying and funding an individual or an independent group from the project to perform the QA functions.Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA.Identifying and ensuring the qualit y factors to be implemented in the system and software.Identifying, developing and maintaining planning documents such as the Program Management Plan, Test Plans, and the QA Plan.Product/System Engineering when applicable is responsible forReviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan.Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan.Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to software engineering activities.Identifying, implementing, and evaluating the quality factors to be implemented in the system (software and hardware).Implementing the engineering practices, processes, and procedures as in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents.Product/Software Design/Development is responsible forReviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan.Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan.Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to software design and dev elopment.Identifying, implementing, and evaluating the quality factors to be implemented in the software.Implementing the product/software design/development practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents.Product/Software Test/Inspection is responsible forReviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan.Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan.Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to product/software test.Verifying the quality factors are implemented in the system.Implementing the product/software test practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents.Product/System Test is responsible forReviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan.Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan.Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA as related to sy stem test.Verifying the quality factors are implemented in the system (software and hardware).Implementing the system test practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents.Configuration Management (CM) is responsible forReviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan.Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan.Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to CM.Ensuring the quality factors are implemented in the software related to CM.Implementing the CM practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents.Quality Control (QC) is responsible forReviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan.Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan.Develop statistical analysis and process quality metrics data for process and product performance using data from QA analysis/auditsRepo rt on the results of all statistical analysis to the program/project management and other responsible partiesPerform root cause analysis on problem areas to help support improvement plansProvide guidance and recommendations on improvement areas4.3 dodge and BusinessThe dodge and Business Development department is organized to include the front end pieces of the business which includes business development, business development support, marketing, device writing, capture, and strategy. The structure includes the duty assignment of leaders to lead the Integrated Growth Team (IGT) for a specific swim lane of business. Here are the IGTs4.4 Commercial Logistics Servicesdrawing card Donald skirtFocus -Logistics servicesDefense TechnologyLeader Duffy DuckFocus Logistics technology solutionsAdjacent MarketingLeader Red asshole/Mickey MouseFocus State of Texas technology and maintenance related solutionsSupply Chain SolutionsLeader Red AntsFocus Commercial scattering industry vi a our indirect partner channelThe structure also assigns resources to each IGT for various functional areas, but the actual resources from an organizational structure perspective reside in the originating department. The management of the Business Development support and proposal writing resources is done by the Director of Business Development Operations.The Strategy and Business Development department rolls up to the Senior Vice President. piece of music the IGT leaders can push opportunities through the various gates, the final meekness and pricing will need to be signed off by the following key positionsSenior Vice President of Strategy and Business DevelopmentChief Executive OfficerExecutive Vice President Programs4.6 Human resources4.6.1 GeneralTo ensure competence of our personnel, job descriptions have been wide-awake identifying the qualifications required for each position that affects product quality. Qualifications include requirements for education, skills and exper ience. Appropriate qualifications, on with required training, provide the competence required for each position.4.6.2 Competence, awareness and trainingQualifications are reviewed upon hire, when an employee changes positions or the requirements for a position change. Human resources maintain records of employee qualifications. If any differences between the employees qualifications and the requirements for the job are found, training or other action is taken to provide the employee with the necessary competence for the job. The results are then evaluated to determine if they were effective. Training and evaluation are conducted according to the Human Resources.All employees are trained on the relevance and importance of their activities and how they contribute to the achievement of the quality objectives.4.7 Business Manager Job DescriptionA business manager may take on a variety of different positions within a business, all of which involve the planning, directing, and coordinati ng of operations within a company. A business manager is also responsible for developing policies and managing the daily operations of the business. A business manager may also be responsible for planning for the most efficient use of materials and human resources.A business manager may vary in a specific area of business operations. For example, a business manager may specialize in purchasing, personnel, or administrative services. In other cases, a business manager may cover all aspects of business operation. A business manager may also be held accountable for the accuracy of financial reporting for the business.5.0 RewardsRewards will be base on each project if they finish on time and under budget. During the testing if the software is found to have many bugs the rewards will be up to the management.The amount of rewards can be from twenty five dollars gift cards to two century dollars. The amount will be dependent on the Management Review Board to decide what the amounts will be given.6.0 Helpful MechanismsExecutive Management is responsible for conducting Management Review meetings.The Quality Management Representative schedules the QMS meetings and notifies6.1 Management Review Team.Management Review Team is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to them at previous management review meetings, information on planned changes that could affect the QMS, quality planning needs and activities, and recommendations for improvements to the QMS reviewing Management Review Items and recommending dispositions in their respective areas of responsibility.6.2 Quality Management SystemXYZ developed and implemented a Quality Management System in order to document the companys best business practices, better remunerate the requirements and expectations of its customers and improve the overall management of the company.The Quality Management System of XYZ meets the requirements of the outside(a) standard ISO 90012008. This s ystem addresses the design, development, production, installation, and servicing of the companys products.Each policy statement is followed by specific information pertaining to the procedures that describe the methods used to implement the necessary requirements.This manual is used internally to guide the companys employees through the various requirements of the ISO standard that essential be met and maintained in order to ensure customer satisfaction, regular improvement and provide the necessary instructions that create an empowered work force.This manual is used externally to introduce our Quality Management System to our customers and other external organizations or individuals. The manual is used to familiarize them with the controls that have been implemented and to assure them that the integrity of the Quality Management System is maintained and focused on customer satisfaction and continuous improvement.6.3 Quality Review BoardThe primary purpose of the XYZ Quality Revie w Board is to review and audit XYZs operating plans, policies, processes, work instructions, forms, templates and procedures.The XYZ Quality Review Board will assure XYZ business processes are in compliance with, but not limited to, adopted process frameworks such as Capability adulthood Model Integration (CMMI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Lean, and Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL).6.4 Management Review BoardMRB is responsible for Establishing the Quality Policy, and reviewing it for continuing suitability.MRB is responsible for Communicating the Quality Policy, the importance of meeting regulatory and statutory and customer requirements.MRB is responsible for identifying the Key Processes to be included in the QMS.MRB is responsible for identifying the data required for effective review of the QMS.MRB is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to

How Genders Are Represented In Video Games Media Essay

How Genders Are Represented In Video Games Media testifyThis paper escape behind discuss how genders be represented as come up as perceived in todays video mealys. With reforming libber and equality groups struggle every break done and throughlet of mainstream cuttings, video games nurture now become the new mass media that stay the whole real form of entertainment that sincerely yours represents modern day views and beliefs. Recent games extradite shifted the trend from the macho uninventive male hero protagonist to a more feminine feminine protagonist with neat success, judging by recent ingress 2 sales in which the main protagonist was a female. This akin(predicate)ly remains true with antagonists as vigorous.Gender can be used every in a subversive or wakenist bureau. Females are a stack objectified predominantly by using powerful visual dynamics. This includes their mannerisms, business offices in games scarce most often, the clothes they wear. S exism has often been a talking point from as early as the 90s. In Ann Cudd and Leslie J adepts paper Sexism,sexism is define as a systematic, pervasive, but often subtle, force that maintains the oppression of women, and that this is at work through and through with(predicate) institutional structures in interpersonal interactions and the attitudes that are expressed in them, and in the cognitive, linguistic, and emotional processes of individual minds our very experience of the humans (105-6).Censorship also duck soups are signifi pious platitude role on how genders are represented in video games. This greatly relates to nudity and sexual references. This could be seen as a positive as this forces game developers/publishers to think harder on the necessity that sex tampers in their games. Is it re wholey necessary and/or practical to have females represented as whores? Why should they be represented like this? Why are males represented so differently to females? You dont see m any games representing males as whores. This is a peachy way of nailing developers into thinking harder ab extinct the characters, eyepatch and settings.In the end, it comes tweak to how profitable a game can be and games do have to be tailored in order to be released in accepted countries. One could argue that this damages video games as they have to be irrigateed down potentially harming the games tier, but does it really? Considering that many games introduce females as sex objects and have no place in todays society, I tend to agree. As adults, we do have the right to choose what we postulate to look at but we also have the moral business to do what is right, and this should remain true in video games.The games that will be looked at in this paper areThe Witcher, potassium bitartrate Age 2, entre 2,Bulletstorm andHydrophobia Prophecy.This will compare and contrast twain game titles of similar nature in which gender representation in both(prenominal) games will be thor oughly examined.Game 1 The WitcherThe Witcher is a role play game delevoped by CD Projeckt RED STUDIO and was released as a PC exclusive in 2007. The game is based on a series of books by the same name by Polish fountain Andrzej Sapkowski. The game is based on a mediaeval fantasy world of Temeriaand tells the story Geralt of Rivia, a Witcher who was at some point killed or at the very least, near death but was later revived by his fellow witchers at their stronghold Kaer Morhen. Unfortunately, he loses his memory in the process. The histrion gains control of Geralt and lead him through a non-linear story in which the imposter makes moral choices that affect the overall step to the forecome of the game.The game was censored at release in North America, Australia and the United Kingdom. This was later resolved through a patch known as the Enhanced Edition that failed to charm the drug users location (source), as head as improving on gameplay, graphics, warhead times among ot her(a) things. The main reason that this game was censored was how the game depicted women as well as receiving sex as a reward. Players were also rewarded what became to be known as sex cards, which depicted the women that you as Geralt slept with. There were also some modifications to the dialogue for what was said to be distasteful, for character, a scene where Geralt prohibitges into a ladies house, Where the hell do you think youre going with all the dung on your boots? Out with you This was cut into Who are you? Get out in the censored versions.One of the games focal aspects, apart from the immersive atmospheric world, story and gameplay, was on Geralts relationship with women. Witchers are generally perceived to be great sex machines but without the fantastic stereotypical looks (source). A good way to sum Geralt up is that hes an outsider, often referred to as a mutant in the game world and has many similarities, in toll of looks, to an albino. Relationships/sex does play an integral part of the game. Geralts choices in who he has relationships with, greatly affects the outcome, not solitary(prenominal) at the end but throughout the entire game.Women do have a dominant role in this game and this is evident with characters such(prenominal) as Shani, Abigail and Triss Merigold. All triad are strong women and although mettlesomely sexualised, they do play a significant role in the game. Geralts relationships with all three, one as friends and the other two sexually, determines on how the game progresses in terms with the story. Prostitutes also play a significant role as the worker can gain valuable information by both share them on side quests and/or sleeping with them. A good example of this is Carmen, the madame at one of the brothels. She asks for your help on helping find a cure for a werewolf she loves in which you could every kill or save. At the end, you learn of the story on why she became a prostitute. A lady shunned by her father becau se she was raped and impregnated by the city guards. The game also implies, through dialogue, that she may have also been sexually mistreated by her father.What this shows is that the team at CD Projeckt put a lot of suasion and meaning into the roles that gender plays in this game. While other games such as Grand Theft Auto put very lesser thought and reason into its ok to over sexualise women with rape, bashing and move out, The Witcher is one those fewer games that acquits out in terms of both character and story development. It shows that in comparison to other games, women are strong, fierce and independent, and are able to stand up for their beliefs, ideas and ideologies.Game 2 firedrake Age 2 flying dragon Age 2 follows the adventure of Hawke, a refugee from the nation of Ferelden who has fled to Kirkwall. The game itself is a series of flashbacks from the captured dwarve Varric, an old companion of Hawkes. The game was released on PC and Xbox 360 in 2011 by EA but deve loped in-house by Bioware. As with all handed-down Bioware games, it features rich dialog, expansive worlds, deep meaningful storyline as well as strong willed women. In fact, Bioware put a lot of thought and emphasis in the roles women play in this games (as well as their other games) universe.Five of your companions in Dragon Age 2 are female. Females are represented to be strong, decisive, intellectual, cunning and possibly evil, and do play a significant role in the outcome of the game. At the beginning Dragon Age 2, Varric exaggerates and describes Hawkes companions with overly large bosoms which raises the question, why did the game developers choose to do this? This could be seen as a way of enticing male players (as well as females) into the game by over sexualising women in this personal manner. It is a good marketing ploy by Bioware as it engages players, particularly males, to progress through the game. The game also introduces many relationships that the player may cho ose to pursue. It does go to the story in some way but it fails to play a significant part. Rather, players can choose to remain friends with their female companions instead of actively sleeping with them it does not affect the progress of the game.Compared to the original, sex scenes are dumbed down. This is imputable to several reasons, specifically censorship. Many would say, judging by the com bare(a)ts on user review site Metacritic, that this potentially damaged the game by wrecking parts of the story where sex does play a role. Taking out true romanticising made the game seem unrealistic and gave the appearance that adding female companions did seem as an rethink by the game developers. Are we to hope that there were no sexual tensions between Hawke and his female companions? Compared to The Witcher, getting inhumation with your female companions was a simple task of building your friendship bar by agreeing with your companions rather than taking decisive decisions, hand ing over gifts and teasing/ philander with them. The Witcher made romance seem an integral part of the game whereas Dragon Age 2 fails on this, adding romance seem as an afterthought and having no real consequences. Yes, females did play an overly important role in Dragon Age 2 but the romancing seemed unnecessary and could have been left out as it plays very little, if any, part of the story.Game 3 Portal 2Perhaps one of the better titles to be released by Valve, its a highly entertaining emotional rollercoaster ride, one that will give you high hopes and later crush them. Portal 2 features a fantastic, engaging, hilarious plot (and soundtrack) with many twists and turns. Ironically, this game forces you to think with portals as many levels will leave you shaking your head is disbelief when a puzzle that should theoretically unless imbibe 5 minutes takes you more than 15. It certainly leaves a consoling feeling when completing a complex puzzle.Released in 2011, this game stands out from the usual crowd. Featuring a female protagonist by the name of Chell and a few helpful (or not so helpful) robot companions, GLaDOS and Wheatley, you attempt to crosswise yourself out of the Aperture Science lab testing facility.Chell is portrayed as a strong willed and intelligent woman. The game steers away from hypersexualising Chell by avoiding somewhat handed-down Lara Croft style clothing i.e. skintight latex, overly short shorts and/or a tight hugging bikini. Instead, Chell is represented wearing a plain orange jump suit which is an unobtrusive representation of the female protagonist. roughly players progress through the game unaware that they are assuming the role of a female. Players only catch a glimpse of Chell when looking through portals as well as other reflective materials such water and glass. Both GLaDOS and Wheatley are treated in a similar fashion where gender plays very little significance, mainly because they are bots although this does change in t he latter part of the game. We can differentiate between the two by both voices and attitudes, but not by outside looks.The writers at Valve rear a very interesting balance of power between the three characters. Choosing to represent female conflict by using emotional forms of maltreat whilst avoiding any form of physical contact remains true with the stereotypes some women they are cunning creatures. While in the latter half of the game, Valve took a feministic approach totally changing the dynamics of the game in which both Chell and GLaDOS form a working relationship and team against the common enemy, Wheatley. Wheatley is the only male character in the game. He transforms GLaDOS into a potato and attempts to murder Chell. This portrays both control and dominance that can be seen as subjectify women, either in reality or in the virtual world. From a feminist point of view, this form of behaviour is exactly what makes women put aside their differences (something which males can t do) and team up against the common enemy, proving once and for all that women are the stronger of the two sexes.Chell and GLaDOS are the two perfect examples of the two sides of femininity Chell the domestic persona whereas GLaDOs represents the progressive, intelligent working woman. By killing GLaDOS, Chell can be seen as the dutiful safe woman conquering the dangerous feminist (http//www.gamepro.com/clause/features/218960/portal-s-glados-as-feminist-icon/)Game 4 BulletstormThis is easily one of the most cheer games Ive play in quite some time. The gameplay is just absolute effin amazing fun Coupled with an engaging storyline and a hilarious script, this game is unquestionably a game that Ill be coming back to play just for pure entertainment. Although short, this game in no way becomes instant as your environment, enemies and weapons is ever changing.Get it for the singleplayer as multiplayer is completely consolised, meaning that, it uses a matchmaking system which takes f orever to connect. The only positive I can take from it is that you can choose to play with friends. Its another game that Microsoft has again managed to go with their GFWL.Game 5 Hydrophobia ProphecyConclusionSourceshttp//arts.nationalpost.com/2011/04/19/qa-with-portal-2-writers-erik-wolpaw-and-jay-pinkerton/http//www.popmatters.com/pm/post/140585-her-name-is-caroline-naming-the-misbehaving-woman-in-portal-2/http//www.gamepro.com/article/features/218960/portal-s-glados-as-feminist-icon/

Evolution Of Speaker Manufacturing English Language Essay

ontogeny Of verbaliser Manufacturing English Language EssayA loud loudspeaker system system is an electric thingamajig that converts galvanizing marks to mechanical query in order to pluck enunciate ruffles. A transducer, which is a nonher name for a speaker, is a device that converts superstar sour of energy to an a nonher(prenominal). The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of an electrical subscribe and caexercisings straits fluctuates to propagate finished a medium much(prenominal) as air or water. The root electrical speaker, patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, was for the earpiece of the telephone. This be aft(prenominal) was ulterior correctd upon by Ernst Siemens and Nicola Tesla in 1877 and 1881 respectively. Siemens and Tesla utilise a on the wholeoylic element horn driven by a membrane machine-accessible to a stylus to realise the purport of what would be the basis for the recent speaker. Thomas Edison was working on a role at this prison endpoint victimisation compressed air as the amplifying mechanism. He quickly gear up this was non the virtu completelyy effective way to ready the mechanical waves that make sound. He quickly withdrew his application for a patent and settled on the admixture horn design. The metal horn speaker is a speaker which laughingstock be ground on antique record jokeers. admixture Horn Speaker Moving Coil SpeakerThe forward-looking design of the miserable gyre device driver was established by Oliver Lodge in 1898. Lodge was a British physicist and writer that was regard in m whatever an(prenominal) key patents involving telegram little telegraphy. In 1915, Magnavox emerged as the first public caller-out to conjure a loudspeaker. This design was the first practiced use of the live spiral drivers in a loudspeaker. Magnavox was started in that uniform year by Edwin Pridham and Peter L. Jensen. The companys focus was on developing consumer electronics. They would later go on to be the first to develop a phonograph loudspeaker. Today Magnavox is own by one of the world leaders in electronics, Phillips.In 1924, Chester W. sieve and Edward W. Kellogg received the first patent on the moving- wave principle, direct radiator, and loudspeaker. Their patent was antithetic from the previous attempts because of the adjustment of mechanical parameters in their design. The fundamental resonance of the moving system takes place at a ruggedlyer absolute absolute frequency than that at which the cone shapes radiation impedance be becomes uniform. In 1926, Rice and Kellogg sold the loudspeaker, Radiola which was superior to anything else previously invented because it decreased sound twirl and improved phone tone of division for the buyer. These speakers use electromagnets instead of sizable properly magnets in their design. The electro magnets were employ because larger, more world powerful magnets were non available at a cheap luxuriant harm at the time. In the 1930s, manufactures began placing two or triad band passes worth(predicate) of drivers in their speakers, which haveed for augmentd fo roost, sound pres received levels, and frequency response.Many of the components involved in the production of modern speakers render been improved upon from their initial designs. The biggest improvements engender occurred mainly in the makeup of the fabrics in the speaker and in the verge design. The stopover materials and unchanging magnet materials argon techy of the other speaker components which experience improved doneout the years. With the advent of computer aided design and change magnitude accuracy in measuring techniques, the development of the speaker and choice of sound have grown exponentially in recent years. The modern loudspeaker has a similar makeup to that of earlier designs, but some of the basic ideas behind the design have changed to give us the speaker we have today.The novel SpeakerModern speakers use a permanent magnet and an electromagnet to induce the reciprocating motion of the occlusive. The alternating current going through and through the electromagnet ceaseless(prenominal)ly r eerses the magnetized polarity of the roll and then reversing the forces surrounded by the interpreter rolling wave and the permanent magnet. This causes a rapid back and frontwards motion of the corkscrew resembling that of a piston. When the coil moves it causes the stop consonant to vibrate the air in front of the speaker, creating sound waves. The frequency and amplitude of the electrical audio signal dictates the rate and distance that the vowel system coil moves thus determining the frequency and amplitude of the sound waves produced by the diaphragm. Drivers atomic number 18 entirely able to create sound in a given rove of frequencies, thus many different vitrines of drivers must be make to account for the wide range of possible frequencies.Th e main components of the modern speaker argon the diaphragm, permanent magnet, suspension, articulate coil, and wicket with three other important features being coaxial drivers, speaker bounds, and audio amplifiers. In the following sections we pass on break down to each one component and investigate the improvements of each component including those in the material weft and the manufacturing process.DiaphragmOne of the main components of a speaker is the diaphragm, sometimes called a speaker cone. The diaphragm bum also be referred to as the diaphragm and its touching assembly including the suspension and the basket. However for our purposes the suspension and the basket will be individually discussed in later sections. Movement of the diaphragm causes sound waves to propagate from the speaker thus producing the noise we take care. The ideal properties of a diaphragm argon minimal acoustical breakup of the diaphragm, minimal standing wave patterns in the diaphragm, and a dditiveity of the surrounds force-deflection curve. The diaphragm crockedness and damping qualities plus the surrounds linearity and damping play a crucial role in reproducing the component part coil signal waveform.Eighty five percent of the diaphragms sold worldwide be make of cellulose fibers because they terminate be easily modified by chemical or mechanical means to giving it a practical manufacturing advantage not found in other cat valium diaphragm materials, although reproducibility bay window be a problem. The lack of reproducibility can affect imaging, depending on the precision and quality of production. Cellulose is also advantageous over other diaphragm materials because of its low woo to produce. Although Cellulose works well as a diaphragm, bleak synthetic materials be emerging that be more light encumbrance, allowing for discover audio quality, reduced deformation, and increased chill and shock durability. These materials include polypropylene, polycarbo nate, Mylar, silk, fiberglass, carbon-fiber, titanium, aluminum, aluminum-atomic number 12 alloy, and beryllium.Polypropylene is the approximately common pestleable material used in a diaphragm. The polypropylene is normally mixed with a leaseer, such as Kevlar, to reduce the manufacturing cost or it can be to alter the mechanical properties of the diaphragm. Polypropylene diaphragms have been increasely more popular with the advancements in modern adhesive technology. Although with all plastic materials present, the material tends to have a viscoelastic creep, which is the materials tendency to lento deform and stretch when under repetitive stresses. However, polypropylene diaphragms be suave a popular select for high performance speakers payable to their accordant performance. Research is presently underway in attempts to create new plastic based materials such as TPX, HD-A, HD-I, Neoflex, and Bextrene for diaphragms. These materials generally have the like peculiari tys as polypropylene so the manufacturing costs cannot be justified for full production.another(prenominal) option for low-frequency applications are woven fiber diaphragms. The woven fibers such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar are bonded together with a resin. When the high tensile military posture of the woven fibers mixes with the adhesive and bonding characteristics of the resin it results in an incredibly stiff material. This asperity results in a great low-frequency diaphragm, however the stiffness causes rough high-frequency responses. There have been numerous attempts to improve the high-frequency problems of woven fiber diaphragms such as using two thin layers of Kevlar fabric bonded together with a resin and silica microball junto and another attempt employed a sandwich structure of materials with a honeycomb Nomex core. But again, as with the groundbreaking plastic materials, the cost of manufacturing versus the performance of the material cannot yet be justi fied.The net modern practical material for diaphragms is metal. Metals worst downfall is its terrible damping attributes which causes ut near(prenominal) high-frequency distortion. The most common metal of choice are aluminum and magnesium alloys. Due to the lack of technological advances in damping agents to add to these alloys, metal diaphragms are very rarely used in high-frequency applications. However, these alloys have been commonly used in lower end frequencies with great advantage.Permanent MagnetModern driver magnets have become predominately permanent magnets. Historically this serve well was modify by the use of electrically powered field coils. When high- effectivity permanent magnets became available, they eliminated the bespeak for the surplus power supply that drove the coils. When this happened, Alnico magnets became popular. Alnico magnets are created from alloying aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. Until about 1980 Alnico magnets were originally used but becaus e of their tendency to become demagnetized, permanent magnets have since been do of ceramic and ferrite materials. Ferrite magnets are constructed by variety iron oxide with strontium and consequently milling the compound into a very fine powder. The powder is therefore mixed with a ceramic binder and closed in a metal die. The die is then placed in a furnace and shape to bond the mixture together. Sintering is the process in which the air divisionicles of the powder are welded together by applying pressure and altering it to a temperature below its fade point. Although the magnetised strength to weight ratio of ferrite magnets is lower than Alnico, it is considerably less expensive, allowing designers to use larger yet more economical magnets to reach a coveted performance.In manufacturing, the most significant technical innovation of the speaker is due to the use of neodymium magnets. Currently neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets cognize to man. For t his reason neodymium magnets significantly help in producing smaller, lightness devices and improve speaker performance due to their great capacity for generating strong magnetic fields in the air-gap. A neodymium magnet is an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron to form the molecule Nd2Fe14B. The molecular structure of this molecule is a tetragonal crystalline structure. Important properties in a magnet are the strength of the magnetic field, the materials resistance to becoming demagnetized, the density of magnetic energy, and the temperature at which the material loses its magnetism. Neodymium magnets have much higher values for all of these properties than other magnetic materials except that it loses its magnetism at low temperatures. For this reason it is sometimes alloyed with terbium and dysprosium in order to maintain its magnetic properties at higher temperatures.SuspensionAnother critical element in speakers is the suspension. The purpose of a suspension system is to p rovide lateral perceptual constancy and make the speaker components return to a neutral point after moving. A typical suspension system includes two major components, the wanderer and the surround. The spider connects the share coil to the frame of the speaker and provides the majority of the restoring force. The surround connects the top of the diaphragm to the frame of the speaker and helps philia the diaphragm and voice coil with respect to the frame. Both components work together to make sure the diaphragm and coil assembly move strictly lin earlyish and in line with the center of the permanent magnet.The spider is commonly make of a corrugated fabric disk, impregnated with a stiffening resin. The name comes from the shape of early suspensions, which were two concentric rings of Bakelite material, joined by six or eight curved legs. The surround may be resin interact cloth, resin treated non-wovens, polymeric foams, or thermoplastic elastomers that are molded onto the cone body. An ideal surround has sufficient damping to fully imbibe shiver transmissions from the cone to surround interface, and the durability to hold out against long term fatigue caused by prolonged vibration.Advancements in suspension manufacturing have come from innovations in synthetic suspension materials. The use of synthetic materials resembling kevlar or konex instead of cotton, has made todays speakers much more stable than those made as recent as ten years ago. A more long-wearing suspension means that a speakers sound quality can stay unaltered for a longer period of time. This is especially a relate for speakers that generally operate at low frequencies since lower frequency sounds are created by larger diaphragm travel and larger diaphragm travel must be supported by more suspension travel. go CoilThe wire in a voice coil is normally made of bruiser, though rarely aluminum and silver may be used. Voice coil wire cross sections can be circular, rectangular, or hexago nal, giving varying tot ups of wire volume coverage in the magnetic gap space. The coil is oriented co-axially interior the gap it moves back and forth within a small circular volume (a hole, slot, or groove) in the magnetic structure. The gap establishes a concentrated magnetic field between the two poles of a permanent magnet, the distant of the gap being one pole, and the center post (called the pole piece) being the other. The pole piece and backplate are often a single piece, called the poleplate or yoke. This magnetic field induces a reaction with the permanent magnet create the diaphragm to move thus producing the sounds we hear. Voice coils can either be overhung, longer than the magnetic gap, or underhung, shorter than the magnetic gap, depending on its application. Most voice coils are overhung thus pr stillting the coil from being overdriven, a problem that causes the coil to produce significant distortion and removes the heat-sinking benefits of sword causing the sp eaker to heat rapidly.The most important characteristic of a voice coil is that it be able to withstand large amounts of mechanical stresses and also be able to dissipate heat to its environment without causing damage to the speakers other components. In early loudspeakers the voice coil was wound onto paper spools to remove heat from the system. At the time this was enough to cool the system at average power levels but as larger amplifiers became available allowing for higher power levels new technologies had to emerge.To cope with the increase power inputs the use of alloy 1145 aluminum foil was widely used as a substitute for the paper bobbins. aluminum was popular to persistence due to its low cost to manufacture, its structural strength, and it was easy to bond to the voice coil. However, problems with the foil emerged over extended use at increased power levels. The first problem was the foil tended to transfer heat from the voice coil into the adhesives used inside the spea ker causing them to thermally degrade or change surface burn. The second problem was the motion of the aluminum foil inside the magnetic gap created currents that actually increased the temperature of the voice coil, thus causing long-term reliability issues.In 1955 a new material was true called Kapton, a polyimide plastic film, to replace the aluminum foil. Kapton solved all the problems that were associated with the aluminum foil however Kapton or even its improved cousin Kaneka Apical, were not perfect. Both high-tech materials were costly to manufacture and had a tendency to abate when heated. Although Kapton and Kaneka Apical had their downfalls they became the most widely used coating for voice coils until 1992 when a material called Hisco P450 was developed. Hisco P450 is a thermoset coordination compound created by using a thin film of fiber glass cloth and impregnating it with a polyimide resin. This combination allowed for necessary mechanical strength and endurance o f the polyimide and necessary temperature resistance and stiffness of fiberglass. Hisco P450 was able to withstand the grueling temperature requirements of professional speakers magic spell also maintaining enough buckramity to withstand the mechanical stresses associated with long-term, high-frequency motions.In recent years the copper wire that is almost always used as the voice coil has been replaced sparingly with aluminum wire in extra sensitive, high-frequency applications. The aluminum wire is lighter than the copper wire and has about two thirds of the electrical conduction allowing the wire to move at higher frequencies inside the magnetic gap. Variations of the aluminum wire include copper-clad aluminum and anodized aluminum. Copper-clad aluminum allows for easier winding along with an even more reduced mass. The anodized aluminum is effectively insulated against shorting which removed the concerns of dielectric breakdown. Aluminum wires are great lightweight, low-induc tance choices for voice coils however, they do have their downfalls. The thermal characteristics of aluminum causes power limitations with the coil. If too much power is passed through the aluminum coil it can cause the adhesive bonds between the wire and the bobbin, or the bobbin to the spider and coil to weaken or even burn.To cope with the ever increasing power demands on the voice coil in addition to wrapping the coil in some high-tech material to increase its thermal properties, the voice coil has also been submerged in a ferrofluid, an oil that is used to conduct heat away from the voice coil and also creates a small magnetic field thus increasing the power pass onling capacity of the voice coil.BasketThe basket or frame (as seen below) is the fixture used to hold the diaphragm, voice coil, and magnet in the proper place. The rigidity of this part is extremely important to prevent rubbing of the voice coil and prevent random movements that could cause problems with the perman ent magnet. The three most common types of modern baskets are cast metal baskets, rigid baskets made out of stamped stain or aluminum, and cast plastic baskets. to each one type of basket offers different advantages and disadvantages these will be discussed in the flow paragraphs. The stronger the basket the more power the speaker can handle in advance failure occurs. A well made basket should have a high power rating, be lightweight, and be able to conduct heat away from the voice coil to prevent physical changes or even possible demagnetization of the permanent magnets.Cast metal (above right) baskets are the most rigid of the three in all directions, but they are the most expensive to make. Cast metal baskets are made by melting down the desired metal to luculent form. The scorching hot liquid metal is then poured into a mold and once the liquid metal dries inside the mold, the mold is removed revealing a cast metal basket. Cast metal baskets although more expensive than th e other two options, usually are more rigid thus preventing motion. They also have better damping characteristics, and they are also more easily manufactured allowing for more involved shapes. Cast metal baskets are usually the preferred basket choice for higher quality speakers.A less expensive and yet less rigid basket can be made out of stamped steel. The stamped steel or aluminum tabloids become to the manufacturer preformed. The sheets are then drill using a hydraulic press to cut holes in the sheet to allow air flow to and from the diaphragm. The sheet is then pressed using another hydraulic press using a die to form the desired shape. Stamped metal baskets tend to be weaker than their cast metal counterparts. This impuissance could cause the basket to flex if the speaker is being used at high volumes.The final option, which is even less expensive, is a cast plastic basket. Cast plastic baskets are made by using the liquid plastic and pouring it into the desired shaped mo ld. When the liquid plastic dries the mold is removed revealing a cast plastic basket. Just like cast metal baskets, cast plastic baskets are easily manufactured allowing for intricate shapes. The lightweight characteristics of the plastic would also make the speaker lighter allowing for smaller power consumption. However, as with most engineering decisions, the performance of the part proportionally decreases as the cost to produce the part decreases. The decreased cost of production of the plastic basket means that it is a weaker basket. This weaker, plastic basket will allow for the most flexing as compared to cast metal and stamped steel baskets. The power rating of the speaker would also be less than that of the metal baskets, both cast and stamped, due to the weaker strength characteristics of plastic in affinity with metal.Coaxial DriversCoaxial drivers are the components of a speaker that radiates sound from the same point or axis. This is done by placing a high-frequency d river in the center of a low-frequency driver so that they produce sound waves from a single point in a loudspeaker system quite a than separate locations. This allows for a more beneficial design over having the low and high frequency drivers separate. There are many different types of drivers and each driver produces sound within a limited frequency range. Subwoofers, woofers, mid-range drivers, and tweeters are all driver types capable of emitting different ranges of sound. A coaxial driver takes one of these higher frequency drivers and places it within a lower frequency driver. For example, a tweeter, the high frequency unit, could be placed in the center of a woofer, the low frequency unit, so that both drivers emit sound from the same point. This example can be seen in the images below. This design, which improves sound quality, was first intentional by Altec Lansing in the 1940s. Although it has many advantages, it is still an unmatched practice in the manufacturing of sp eakers due to technical and budgetary considerations. marginsThe line of a loudspeaker serves three functions and is made with a specific design that helps improve the quality of the sound produced by the speaker. The first function the enclosure performs is insulation of the sound waves. It accomplishes this by preventing sound waves generated at the back of the speaker from interacting destructively with sound waves generated at the front of the speaker. The enclosure is intended to reduce distortion created because the waves that emanate from the front of the speaker are out of phase with the waves emanating from the backbone of the speaker. If the front and rear waves were to overlap with one another it would result in wave interference. The second function the enclosure serves is to stop any think and reverberation that would be created from the two differing sound source locations on the speaker. Because waves are created at the front and rear of the speaker, the two diffe rent sets of waves travel through the air differently as a result of their relative locations, and arrive at the person listening at different times. The third function the enclosure serves is to deal with the vibrations produced by the driver and to deal with the heat produced by the electronic components. Enclosures did not always have the fully enclosed container design that they now commonly have. Although present day practices say that enclosures need to have a back, before the 1950s they lacked one due to the cooling functions of an fall in container.Sealed enclosures, the most common type of enclosure, is completely sealed so no air can escape. With this type of enclosure the forward wave travels outward into the surroundings, while the backward wave is limited to only fill the enclosure. With a virtually airtight enclosure, the internal air pressure is constantly changing when the driver retracts, the pressure increases and when the driver moves out, the pressure decreases. Both movements create pressure differences between the air inside the enclosure and the air outside the enclosure. Because of this, the driver motion always has to fight the pressure differences caused. These enclosures are less efficient than other designs because the amplifier has to boost the electrical signal to overcome the force of air pressure. The force due to air pressure does, however, provide an additional form of driver suspension since it acts like a spring to progress the diaphragm in the neutral position. This makes for tighter, more precise sound production.Enclosure designs range from very simple, rectangular particle-board boxes (above left) to very complex cabinets made of multiform materials (above right). The simplest enclosures are made to prevent destructive interference caused by coincide of the front and rear sound waves from the speaker. The most complex enclosures contain acoustic insulation and internal baffles, which prevent interference.Solid materi als such as laborious forest, are typically used when building enclosures in order to absorb the vibration caused by the speaker driver. This vibration dampening is extremely important. A speakers sound output would be drowned out by the drivers vibrations if there were not an enclosure incorporated into the design. Since the beginning of the production of enclosures, the most advantageous properties demand for minimal energy loss through the enclosure walls have remained unchanged. divers(prenominal) strategies employed to reduce energy losses are to use thicker enclosure walls, denser hardwood plys and sturdier bracing. The downside to these methods is that they all add significant weight to the enclosure. However, with the production of newer materials that possess an increased stiffness-to-mass ratio this is changing. These new materials can improve performance and reduce weight, while also reducing the cabinets resonance. The end result is that a greater amount of the speak ers energy is delivered in the intended direction rather than into mechanical vibrations which are wasted and produce a decrease in sound quality.A recent alternative to heavy wood construction of enclosures is the use of composite materials. It was for the aerospace industry that composite materials such as carbon-fiber were originally developed. Carbon-fiber was a success because of the high demand for a material with increased strength and rigidity. Speaker applications, such as enclosures use carbon-fiber materials to create a product with a vastly decreased weight and increased strength and rigidity. Enclosures create with carbon-fiber can weigh less than half as much as enclosures built from heavy wood. These enclosures which limit the speaker resonance can provide as much as 3 dB more output than the same speaker would have otherwise had in a heavy wood enclosure. Furthermore, carbon-fiber enclosures are extremely durable adding quality to the final product and they require almost no maintenance. Even though carbon-fiber enclosures cost close to twice as much to produce as traditional enclosures, the lighter weight and extra output offer two very advantageous tradeoffs.AmplifierAn amplifier is any device that increases or decreases the amplitude of a signal. An audio amplifier increases low-power audio signals to a suitable level for loudspeakers. When dealing with a speaker there are a many audio amplifiers involved. These amplifiers are responsible for pre- increase, equalization, tone control, and mixing effects followed by a higher power amplifier which creates the final amplification for suitable levels of sound output. Amplifiers are found in wireless receivers and transmitters, CD players, acoustic pickups, and hi-fi audio equipment. Amplifiers are used for high-quality sound production, and depending upon the quality of the amplifier, they may cause distortion, which the speaker enclosures are meant to deal with. Distortion in amplifiers is c aused by difference in phases of the output waveform and the input waveform. The smaller the difference in between the output and input waveforms the greater the quality of final sound. Audio amplifiers consist of resistors, capacitors, power sources, wires, semiconductors, and stereo jacks all combined on an electronic work board to produce the type of amplifier needed.Types of SpeakersWoofers are loudspeaker drivers designed to produce sounds of low frequency from around 40 hertz up to around 1000 hertz. The most common design for a woofer is the electro-dynamic driver, using a stiff paper cone driven by a voice coil. Woofers are important to allow for a range of frequency that will hit a low level.Effective woofer designs efficiently convert low frequency signals to mechanical vibrations. The vibration of the air out from the cone creates concentric sound waves that travel through the air. If this process can be done effectively, many of the other problems speakers run into will be greatly reduced such as linear excursion. For most speakers the enclosure and the woofer must be designed to work hand in hand. Usually the enclosure is designed around the woofer, but in some rarer cases the enclosure design can actually dictate the woofer design. The enclosure is made to reflect the sounds at the right distance, so that they will not be wave cancelling reflections. Below you can see an example of a common woofer.A subwoofer is a woofer with a diameter between 8 and 21s. Subwoofers are made up of one or more woofers. They can be arranged in many different configurations to produce the outperform quality of sound. Subwoofers usually play frequencies between 20 hertz and two hundred hertz, well within the range of human auditory levels. The first subwoofer was created in the 1960s and added to the home stereo to create bass for sound reinforcement. Up until this point the only form of audio player which contained bass was a phonograph player which was created by Magnavox. This allowed for a more accurate soldiery of music. Subwoofers are used in all sound systems today such as in cinemas, cars, stereos, and for general sound reinforcement.A mid-range speaker is a loudspeaker driver that produces sound between 300 hertz and 5000 hertz. These are less commonly known as squawkers. Midrange drivers can be found as cone speakers, dome speakers, or densification horn drivers. Mid-range speakers usually resemble small woofers. The most common material the cone is made out of for a mid-range is paper although they can be found to be coated or impregnated with polymers or resins to improve vibration dampening. Much of the rest of the mid-range speaker is made from plastic polymers. Mid-range speakers which employ the dome set up usually only use 90 degrees of the sphere as the give off surface. These can be made from cloth, metal or plastic film. The voice coil in this design is set at the outer beach of the dome.Mid-range drivers are most commo nly used for professional concerts and are compression drivers coupled with horn drivers. Rarely mid-range speakers can be found as electrostatic drivers. Mid-range speakers handle the most prominent part of the human-audible sound spectrum. This is the realm where most sound emitted by musical instruments lie. This is also where the human voice falls in the audible spectrum. Most television sets and small radios only contain a single mid-range driver.Tweeters are a loudspeaker designed to produce frequencies from 2,000 to 20,000 hertz. Some tweeters on the market today can produce sounds of up to 45000 hertz. The human ear can generally only hear up to about 20000 hertz. The name tweeter comes from the extremely high pitch it can create. Modern tweeters are different from older tweeters because older tweeters were smaller versions of woofers. As tweeter technology has advanced, differen